MediaWiki API result
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{
"compare": {
"fromid": 1,
"fromrevid": 1,
"fromns": 0,
"fromtitle": "Kimika",
"toid": 2,
"torevid": 2,
"tons": 0,
"totitle": "Lurra",
"*": "<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\" id=\"mw-diff-left-l1\">1. lerroa:</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\">1. lerroa:</td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{Wikipedia1000}}</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Artikulu nabarmendua}}</ins>{{Wikipedia1000}}</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{HezkuntzaPrograma|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fisika </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimika</del>}}</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>{{HezkuntzaPrograma|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Biologia </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">geologia</ins>}}</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[Fitxategi:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lab bench</del>.jpg|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eskuinera</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">250px</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">thumb</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimika laborategia</del>]]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{argitzeko|[[eguzki-sistema]]ko hirugarren [[planeta]]ri|Lur (argipena)}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>'''<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimika</del>''' ([[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egiptoera</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ko k\u0113me </del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00ablurra\u00bb</del>) <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hitzetik eratorria</del>) [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">materia</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ren </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konposizio kimiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">konposizioa</del>]], [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Egitura kimiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egitura</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Propietate kimiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">propietateak</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aztertzen dituen </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zientzia</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">naturala </del>da, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bai </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Elementu kimiko|elementu</del>]], [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Espezie kimiko|espezie</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konposatu kimiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">konposatu</del>]], [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Nahaste </del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimika</del>)|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">nahasketa</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edo beste </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gai kimiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">substantzia</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">batzuen formari dagokionez, bai horiek </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreakzio kimiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erreakzioetan</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zehar izaten dituzten aldaketei eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">energia kimiko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">arekin duten erlazioari dagokienez</del>. [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Linus Pauling</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ek honela definitu zuen</del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">substantziak aztertzen dituen zientzia</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">haien egitura </del>([[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atomo</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak egokitzeko motak eta moduak</del>), <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">propietateak </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">horiek beste substantzia batzuetan eraldatzen dituzten erreakzioak, denboraren arabera. Kimika, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimika supramolekular</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ra izenaz ezagutzen den bere adarretako baten bidez, nagusiki elkartze supratomikoez arduratzen da, hala nola </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gas</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">molekula</del>]]k, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kristal</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak </del>eta [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">metal</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hauen konposizioa</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">propietate estatistikoak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">transformazioak eta erreakzioak aztertuz, nahiz eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimika orokor</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">rak materiaren propietateak eta elkarreraginak eskala atomikoan ulertzea ere barne hartzen duen</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Infobox planet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| bgcolour\u00a0 = #D3D3D3</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| name\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = Lurra</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| symbol\u00a0 \u00a0 = [[Fitxategi:Earth symbol (bold).svg|24px|alt=\ud83d\udf28|Lurraren ikur astronomikoa]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| image\u00a0 \u00a0 = </ins>[[Fitxategi:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Blue Marble (remastered)</ins>.jpg|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">frameless</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren argazkia, [[NASA]]k egina.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>| <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">caption\u00a0 = Lurraren irudi elkartua, [[NASA]]k egina.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>| <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">alt_names = [[Mundu]]a, Ludia, [[Gaia]], [[Amalur</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| epoch\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = </ins>'''<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[J2000.0]]</ins>'''<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u2009</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| aphelion\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = {{longitem|{{val|152098232|u=km}}<br/>{{smaller|({{val|1.01671388|u=UA}})\u2009}}}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| perihelion\u00a0 \u00a0 = {{longitem|{{val|147098290|u=km}}<br/>{{smaller|({{val|0.98329134|u=UA}})\u2009}}}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| semimajor\u00a0 \u00a0 = {{longitem|{{val|149598261|u=km}}<br/>{{smaller|</ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{val|1.00000261|u=UA}})\u2009<ref name=\"semimajor\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=J. L.|abizena=Simon|izenburua=Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and the planets|orrialdeak=663\u2013683|abizena2=Bretagnon|abizena3=Chapront|abizena4=Chapront-Touze|abizena5=Francou|abizena6=Laskar|izena2=P.|izena3=J.|izena4=M.|izena5=G.|izena6=J.|data=1994-02-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A%26A...282..663S|aldizkaria=Astronomy and Astrophysics|zenbakia=282|issn=0004-6361|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref>}}}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| eccentricity\u00a0 = {{val|0.01671123}}<ref name=\"semimajor\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| period\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = {{longitem|{{val|365.256363004|u=egun}}\u2009<ref name=\"IERS\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=USEFUL CONSTANTS|url=http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref><br/>{{smaller|({{val|1.000017421|u=</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Juliotar urte (astronomia)|urte</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">}})}}}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| avg_speed\u00a0 \u00a0 = {{longitem|{{val|29.78|u=km/s}}<ref name=\"earth_fact_sheet\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Earth Fact Sheet|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref><br/>{{smaller|</ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{val|107200|u=km/h}}</ins>)<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">}}}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| mean_anomaly\u00a0 = {{val|269.05|u=\u00b0}}<ref name=wolframalphameananomaly>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Earth mean anomaly{{!}}website=Wolfram Alpha - Wolfram{{!}}Alpha Results|url=http://m.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Earth+mean+anomaly%7Cwebsite=Wolfram%20Alpha|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| inclination\u00a0 = {{val|7.155}}\u00b0 [[Eguzkia]]ren ekuatorera;<br>1.57869\u00b0<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=C. W.|abizena=Allen|izenburua=Allen's astrophysical quantities|argitaletxea=AIP Press|data=2000|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40473741|edizioa=4th ed|isbn=0387987460}}</ref> [[plano inbariante]]ra.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| asc_node\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = {{val|348.73936}}\u00b0<ref name=\"earth_fact_sheet\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| arg_peri\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = {{val|114.20783}}\u00b0<ref name=\"earth_fact_sheet\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| satellites\u00a0 \u00a0 = 1 ([[Ilargia]]</ins>)<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><br> 1070 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">satelite artifizial</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><br> {{longitem|{{nowrap|{{val|21000}} hondakin atal<br>10&nbsp;</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zentimetro</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">cm</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baino handiagoak&nbsp;}}<br/> {{smaller|(2013-10-24)}}<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=How Many Satellites are in Space? - Universe Today|hizkuntza=en-US|data=2013-10-24|url=http://www.universetoday.com/42198/how-many-satellites-in-space/|aldizkaria=Universe Today|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| allsatellites = yes</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| physical_characteristics = yes</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| mean_radius\u00a0 = {{val|6371.0|u=km}}<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=CRC handbook of chemistry and physics</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2000-2001|argitaletxea=CRC Press|data=2000|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44440496|edizioa=81st ed|isbn=0849304814}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| equatorial_radius = {{val|6378.1|u=km}}<ref name=\"WGS-84\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=NGA: (U) World Geodetic System 1984 (UNCLASSIFIED)|url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| polar_radius\u00a0 = {{val|6356.8|u=km}}<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Global earth physics : a handbook of physical constants|argitaletxea=American Geophysical Union|data=1995|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31753729|isbn=0875908519}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| flattening\u00a0 \u00a0 = {{val|0.0033528}}<ref name=\"iers\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Conventions Centre. US Naval Observatory (USNO). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). Hrsg.: Dennis D. McCarthy ; Gerard|abizena=Petit|izenburua=IERS Conventions (2003)|argitaletxea=Bundesamt f\u00fcr Kartographie und Geod\u00e4sie|data=2004|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746001655|isbn=3898888843}}</ref><br>1/298.257222101 ([[ETRS89]])</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| circumference = {{val|40075.017|u=km}} {{smaller|(</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ekuatore</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ekuatoriala</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">)\u2009<ref name=\"WGS-84\" />}} <br>{{val|40007.86|u=km}} {{smaller|(</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">meridiano</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">meridionala</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">)\u2009<ref name=\"WGS-84-2\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=How WGS 84 defines Earth|data=2011-04-24|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424104419/http://home.online.no/~sigurdhu/WGS84_Eng.html|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref name=\"circ\" group=\"oh\">Lurraren </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zirkunferentzia</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ia zehazki 40.000 kilometrokoa </ins>da, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izan ere </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">metro</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a neurri honen arabera kalibratu zen</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Polotik Ekuatorera dagoen distantziaren 10 milioirena. Informazio gehiagorako, irakurri </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sistema metriko hamartarra</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">artikulua.</ref>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| surface_area\u00a0 = {{val|510072000|u=km2}}<ref name=\"Pidwirny 2006_8\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=8(o) Introduction to the Oceans|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref name=\"cia\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=The World Factbook \u2014 Central Intelligence Agency|hizkuntza=en|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref><br>({{val|148940000|u=km2}} {{smaller|(29.2%)}} lehorra<br>{{val|361132000|u=km2}} {{smaller|(70.8%)}} ura)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| volume\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 =\u00a0 1.08321\u00d710<sup>12</sup>km<sup>3</sup><ref name=\"earth_fact_sheet\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| mass\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = 5.97219\u00d710<sup>24</sup>kg<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Earth - By the Numbers {{!}} Planets - NASA Solar System Exploration|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Earth&Display=Facts|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref><br/>{{smaller|3.0\u00d710<sup>-6</sup>&nbsp;</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguzkia</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguzki</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">)}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| density\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = 5.514 g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name=\"earth_fact_sheet\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| surface_grav\u00a0 = 9.807 m/s2<br/>{{smaller|(1 ''g'')}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| moment_of_inertia_factor = 0.3307<ref name=\"Williams1994\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=James G.|abizena=Williams|izenburua=Contributions to the Earth's obliquity rate, precession, and nutation|orrialdeak=711\u2013724|data=1994-08-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AJ....108..711W|aldizkaria=The Astronomical Journal|zenbakia=108|issn=0004-6256|doi=10.1086/117108|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| escape_velocity = 11.186 km/s<ref name=\"earth_fact_sheet\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| sidereal_day\u00a0 = 0.99726968 d<ref name=\"Allen296\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=Allen</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">C. W. (Clabon|abizena=Walter)|izenburua=Allen's astrophysical quantities|argitaletxea=AIP Press|data=2000|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40473741|edizioa=4th ed|isbn=0387987460}}</ref><br/>{{smaller|(23h&nbsp;56m&nbsp;4.100s)}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| rot_velocity\u00a0 = 1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s)<ref name=\"Cox2000\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=Allen, C. W. (Clabon|abizena=Walter)|izenburua=Allen's astrophysical quantities|argitaletxea=AIP Press|data=2000|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40473741|edizioa=4th ed|isbn=0387987460}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| axial_tilt\u00a0 \u00a0 = 23\u00b026' 21.4119''\u2009<ref name=\"IERS\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| albedo\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = 0.367 (geom.)<ref name=\"earth_fact_sheet\"/><br>0.306 (Bond)<ref name=\"earth_fact_sheet\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| atmosphere\u00a0 \u00a0 = yes</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| temperatures\u00a0 = yes</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| temp_name1\u00a0 \u00a0 = </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kelvin </ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unitatea</ins>)|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kelvin</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| min_temp_1\u00a0 \u00a0 = 184&nbsp;K<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=World: Lowest Temperature {{!}} ASU World Meteorological Organization|data=2010-06-16|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616025722/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| mean_temp_1\u00a0 = 288&nbsp;K<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Temperature may hit high in 2010|hizkuntza=en-GB|data=2009-12-10|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8406839.stm|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| max_temp_1\u00a0 \u00a0 = 330&nbsp;K<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=World: Highest Temperature {{!}} ASU World Meteorological Organization|data=2013-01-04|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| temp_name2\u00a0 \u00a0 = </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Celsius gradu</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Celsius</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| min_temp_2\u00a0 \u00a0 = \u221289.2&nbsp;{{big|\u00b0}}C</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| mean_temp_2\u00a0 = 15&nbsp;{{big|\u00b0}}C</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| max_temp_2\u00a0 \u00a0 = 56.7&nbsp;{{big|\u00b0}}C</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| surface_pressure = 101.325 kPa ([[itsas maila]]n)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| atmosphere_composition = 78.08% </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">nitrogeno]] (N<sub>2</sub>)<ref name=\"earth_fact_sheet\"/> {{smaller</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(aire lehorra)}}<br>20.95% [[oxigeno</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(O<sub>2</sub>)<br>0.930% </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">argon</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><br>0</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">039% </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">karbono dioxido</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"NOAA\">[http</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/#mlo National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)&nbsp;\u2013 Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL)</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Trends in Carbon Dioxide].</ref><br> ~&nbsp;1% [[ur lurrun]] {{smaller|</ins>([[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">klima</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ren arabera</ins>)<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| note = no</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Lurra''' [[Eguzki-sistema]]ko hirugarren [[planeta]] da</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[dentsitate (fisika)|dentsoena]] </ins>eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bizi]]a duen [[planeta</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ezagun bakarra. </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Datazio erradiometriko</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a erabilita eta beste ebidentzia iturri batzuk hartuta, Lurra orain dela 4.500 milioi urte baino gehiago sortu zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Geologic Time: Age of the Earth|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Lurraren adina\u00a0 - Zientzia.eus|url=http://zientzia.eus/artikuluak/lurraren-adina/|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=G. Brent|abizena=Dalrymple|izenburua=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved|orrialdeak=205\u2013221|url=https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14|aldizkaria=Geological Society, London</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special Publications|alea=1|zenbakia=190|doi=10.1144/gsl.sp.2001.190.01.14|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=G\u00e9rard|abizena=Manhes|izenburua=Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics|orrialdeak=370\u2013382|abizena2=All\u00e8gre|abizena3=Dupr\u00e9|abizena4=Hamelin|izena2=Claude J.|izena3=Bernard|izena4=Bruno|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2|aldizkaria=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|alea=3|zenbakia=47|doi=10.1016/0012-821x(80)90024-2|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref>. </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren grabitatea</ins>]]k<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Lurreko grabitatea. PisuaBatxilergoko Fisikako edukiak Ordiziako Jakintza ikastolan|url=http://jakinstein.com/2007/03/22/lurreko-grabitatea-pisua/|sartze-data=2018-12-11}}</ref> espazioko beste objektu batzuekin elkarrekintza du</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bereziki </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguzkia</ins>]] eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ilargia</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">rekin</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren satelite natural bakarra. Lurrak Eguzkiaren inguruan bira bat ematen du 365</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">26 egunean behin</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">urte</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gisa ezagutzen den denbora. Denbora honetan zehar Lurrak bere buruari 366,26 bira ematen dizkio<ref group=\"oh\">Bi neurketa hauen arteko tartea Lurrak Eguzkiaren inguruan bira oso bat ematen duenean ardatzarekiko bira gehigarri bat suposatzen duelako egiten da.</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimikari \"zientzia zentrala\" deitzen zaio askotan, beste natur zientzietan duen lotura</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">paperagatik</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">fisika</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">rekin osatzen duen [[fisiko</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimika]], [[biologia]]rekin osatzen duen [[biokimika]], [[astronomia]] </del>eta [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">geologia</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">rekin </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">astrokimika</del>]], <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">besteak beste. Fisikaren </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">biologiaren artean erdiko eremu bat betetzen duela esaten da</del><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Chemical sciences in </del>the <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">20th century : bridging boundaries</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">argitaletxea</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Wiley-VCH</del>|data=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2001</del>|url=https://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www.worldcat</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oclc</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">45766950</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">isbn</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">3-527-30271</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">9</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pmc</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">45766950</del>|sartze-data=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2023</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">03</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">19</del>}}</ref>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Prozesu kimiko gehienak zuzenean ikas daitezke </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">laborategi</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">an, askotan ondo ezarritako teknikak erabiliz, bai materialak manipulatzeko, bai azpiko prozesuak ulertzeko. [[Modelatze molekular]]reko teknikek ematen duten hurbilketa alternatiboa da, eredu konputazionaletatik ondorioak ateratzen baitituzte</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren biraketa</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ardatza bere plano orbitalarekiko okertua dago</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">urtaro</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak sortuz<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Global earth physics : a handbook of physical constants|argitaletxea=American Geophysical Union|data=1995|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31753729|isbn=0875908519|pmc=31753729|sartze-data=2018-07</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">01}}</ref>. Ilargiaren </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren arteko </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">grabitate|grabitazio elkarrekintzak</ins>]] [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">itsasaldi</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak sortzen ditu</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurra bere ardatzean egonkortzen du </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">biraketa abiadura geldotzen du</ins><ref>{{Erreferentzia<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|izena=J.|abizena=Laskar</ins>|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A long-term numerical solution for </ins>the <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">insolation\u00a0 quantities of\u00a0the\u00a0Earth|orrialdeak=261\u2013285|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Robutel|abizena3=Joutel|abizena4=Gastineau|abizena5=Correia|abizena6=Levrard|izena2=P.|izena3=F.|izena4=M.|izena5=A. C. M.</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izena6</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">B.</ins>|data=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2004-11-23</ins>|url=https://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">doi</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">10.1051</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">0004-6361:20041335</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria=Astronomy & Astrophysics|alea=1|zenbakia=428|issn</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">0004</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">6361</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">doi</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">10.1051/0004-6361:20041335</ins>|sartze-data=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2018</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">07</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">01</ins>}}</ref>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurra da Eguzki-sistemako planetarik dentsoena eta lau </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">planeta teluriko</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">en artean handiena</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimika modernoa </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">alkimia</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">n oinarrituta garatu zen</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Praktika protozientifiko esoterikoa zen, baina baita esperimentala ere, kimikako, fisikako, biologiako, [[metalurgia]]ko eta [[farmazia]]ko elementuak konbinatzen zituena, besteak beste</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fase hau [[iraultza kimiko]]arekin amaitzen da, [[Robert Boyle]]k gasak aurkitzearekin, [[Lavoisierren legea</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">materia kontserbatzeko legearekin]] eta [[oxigeno]] bidezko [[Errekuntza</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">errekuntzaren]] teoriarekin, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antoine Lavoisier</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zientzialari frantziarrak proposatuak</del><ref>{{Erreferentzia<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|izena=Robert|abizena=Siegfried</del>|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Chemical Revolution in the History of Chemistry</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">orrialdeak</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">34\u201350|data=1988</del>|url=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jstor</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">stable/301742</del>|aldizkaria=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Osiris|zenbakia=4|issn=0369-7827</del>|sartze-data=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2023</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">03</del>-19}}</ref>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sistematizazioa elementuen </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">taula periodiko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aren sorrerarekin eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">teoria atomiko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aren sarrerarekin nabarmendu zen</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ikertzaileek </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Materiaren egoera</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">materiaren egoeraren</del>]], [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ioi</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">en</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lotura kimiko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">en </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erreakzio kimikoen oinarrizko ulermena garatu zutenean. XIX</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mendearen lehen erdialdetik, kimikaren garapenak berekin dakar egungo ekonomian eta bizi-kalitatean garrantzi handia duen </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">industria kimiko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aren agerpena eta hedapena</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">litosfera</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">milioika urtetan gainazalean zehar higitzen diren plaka tektoniko<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Txikipedia:Plaken tektonika - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.|url=https://eu</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wikipedia</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/wiki/Txikipedia:Plaken_tektonika?veaction=edit</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria=eu.wikipedia.org</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze-data=2018-12-11}}</ref> izeneko hainbat atal zurrunetan banatuta dago. Lurraren gainazalaren % 71 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ur</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ez estalita dago</ins><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oceans & Coasts {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hizkuntza</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">en</ins>|url=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">http</ins>://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">noaa</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gov</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ocean.html</ins>|aldizkaria=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www.noaa.gov</ins>|sartze-data=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2018</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">10</ins>-19}}</ref>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Beste guztia kontinente eta uharteak dira, bertako aintzira eta ur-ibilguak kontuan hartuta. </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Polo geografiko|Poloak</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gehienbat </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izotz</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ez daude estaliak</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bankisa</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">itsas-izotzak]] eta [[Antartikako izotz-geruza</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">barne. Lurraren barnea oraindik ere aktibo dago</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">burdina</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zko barne-nukleo solidoarekin</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eremu magnetikoa eragiten duen kanpo-nukleo likidoarekin eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mantu</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">osatzen duen geruza lodi </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">nahiko solidoarekin</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Geruza hauek </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">plaken tektonika</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eragiten dute</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimikaren diziplinak aztertutako materia-motaren edo egindako azterketa-motaren </del>arabera <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">multzokatzen dira</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Horien artean daude </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimika inorganiko</del>]]a, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">materia inorganikoa aztertzen duena; </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimika organiko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">materia organikoa aztertzen duena; biokimika</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">organismo biologikoetan dauden substantziak aztertzen dituena; fisikokimika</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eskala makroskopikoan</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">molekularrean </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atomikoan dauden sistema kimikoen egiturazko </del>eta [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">energia</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ko alderdiak biltzen dituena</del>; <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimika analitiko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">materiaren laginak aztertzen dituena </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">haren osaera eta egitura hainbat azterketa eta erreakzioren bidez ulertzen saiatzen dena</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren historiako lehen mila milioi urtetan, [[bizia]] agertu zen ozeanoetan, eta [[Lurraren atmosfera]] eta gainazala eraldatzen hasi zen, organismo [[aerobiko]] eta [[anaerobiko]] ugari sortuz. Ebidentzia geologikoaren </ins>arabera<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, [[biziaren jatorria]] orain dela 4.100 milioi urte eman zen, gutxienez</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hortik aurrera, Lurrak Eguzkiarekiko duen distantziak, ezaugarri fisikoek eta historia geologikoak baimendu du biziaren </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eboluzio</ins>]]a <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta garapena. Lurreko [[bioaniztasun|biodibertsitatea]] milioika urtetan garatu da</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">era jarraituan hedatuz </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">iraungipen masibo</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">etan izan ezik<ref name=\"SahneyBentonFerry2010\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=Sarda|abizena=Sahney|izenburua=Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land|orrialdeak=544\u2013547|abizena2=Benton|abizena3=Ferry|izena2=Michael J.|izena3=Paul A.|data=2010-08-23|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20106856|aldizkaria=Biology Letters|alea=4|zenbakia=6|issn=1744-957X|pmid=20106856|pmc=PMC2936204|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref>. Lurrean bizi izan diren espezieen % 99 baino gehiago iraungita dago<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=W. E.|abizena=Kunin|izenburua=The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare\u2014common differences|argitaletxea=Springer Science & Business Media|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Gaston|izena2=K. J.|data=2012-12-06|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|isbn=9789401158749|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Beverly Peterson|abizena=Stearns|izenburua=Watching, from the Edge of Extinction|argitaletxea=Yale University Press|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Stearns|izena2=Stephen C.|data=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C|isbn=0300084692|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Opinion {{!}} Prehistory\u2019s Brilliant Future|hizkuntza=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Gaur egun zenbat espezie bizi diren eztabaidarako gaia da<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=How many species on Earth? About 8.7 million</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">new estimate says|hizkuntza=en|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110823180459.htm|aldizkaria=ScienceDaily|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Biodibertsitatearena</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1 Noe zaharraren legatua\u00a0 - Zientzia.eus|url=http://zientzia.eus/artikuluak/biodibertsitatearena-1-noe-zaharraren-legatua/|sartze-data=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation|hizkuntza=en|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446|aldizkaria=www.nsf.gov|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref></ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">espezie gehienak ez direlako oraindik deskribatu<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Camilo|abizena=Mora|izenburua=How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?|abizena2=Tittensor|abizena3=Adl|abizena4=Simpson|abizena5=Worm|izena2=Derek P.|izena3=Sina|izena4=Alastair G. B.|izena5=Boris|data=2011-08-23|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336/|aldizkaria=PLoS Biology|alea=8|zenbakia=9|issn=1544-9173|pmid=21886479|pmc=PMC3160336|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Lurrean 7.600 milioi [[gizaki]] bizi dira</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">haren [[biosfera]]ren </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[mea|mineralen]] mende<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Andrew D.|abizena=Hwang|izenburua=7.5 billion and counting: How many humans can the Earth support?|hizkuntza=en|url=https://theconversation.com/7-5-billion-and-counting-how-many-humans-can-the-earth-support-98797|aldizkaria=The Conversation|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Gizakiek [[gizarte]] </ins>eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kultura</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ezberdinak garatu dituzte</ins>; [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">politika|politikoki</ins>]], <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurrean 200 [[Zerrenda:Estatu burujabe </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hiriburuak|estatu burujabe]] baino gehiago daude</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Printzipioak </del>==</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Etimologia </ins>==</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Egitura atomikoaren egungo eredua eredu </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mekanika kuantiko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a da</del><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Chemical bonding {{!</del>}} <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Definition</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Types, & Examples </del>{{<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!}} Britannica</del>|hizkuntza=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">en</del>|url=https://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">britannica</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">com</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">science</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">chemical-bonding</del>|aldizkaria=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www.britannica.com</del>|sartze-data=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2023</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">03</del>-19}}</ref><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">. Kimika tradizionalaren abiapuntua </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oinarrizko partikula</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oinarrizko partikulak</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atomo</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">molekula</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">k</del><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Early Ideas about Matter {{!}} Chemistry</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hizkuntza</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">en</del>|url=https://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">visionlearning</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">com</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">en</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">library/Chemistry/1/Early-Ideas-about-Matter/49</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Visionlearning</del>|sartze-data=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2023</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">03</del>-19}}</ref><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gai kimiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">substantziak</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">metal</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kristal</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak eta materiaren beste agregatu batzuk aztertzea </del>da. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Materia egoera </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">solido</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">an, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">likido</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">an</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gas</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eosoan eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Plasma (fisika)|plasmatikoan</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">azter daiteke</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">modu isolatuan edo konbinatuan. Kimikan aztertzen diren elkarreraginak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erreakzioak </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">transformazioak atomoen arteko interakzioen emaitza izan ohi </del>dira, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atomoei lotuta mantentzen dituzten lotura kimikoen berrantolaketetara eramaten dituztenak. Portaera horiek kimikako [[laborategi]] batean aztertzen dira</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''Lur'' hitzaren jatorriaren inguruan eztabaida dago. </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Joseba Lakarra</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">k bere erro monosilabikoen teorian kokatzen du jatorria, eta ''*dur'' errotik datorrela dio</ins><ref>{{Erreferentzia<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|izena=Joseba Andoni Lakarra|abizena=Andrinua</ins>|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erro monosilabikoaren teoria eta aitzineuskararen berreraiketa: zenbaii alderdi eta ondorio|hizkuntza=es|data=2011|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3775425|aldizkaria=Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta|alea=113|zenbakia=43|issn=0046-435X|sartze-data=2018-10-19</ins>}}<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></ref>. Beste etimologia batek dio [[zelta]] jatorrikoa dela</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta \u00abgainazala\u00bb edo \u00abzorua\u00bb esan nahi zuen<ref></ins>{{<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreferentzia|izena=Hyacinthe de|abizena=Charencey|izenburua=Neuf \u00e9tymologies basques</ins>|hizkuntza=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">es|data=1908</ins>|url=https://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">dialnet</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unirioja</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">es</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">servlet</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">articulo?codigo=3431087</ins>|aldizkaria=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Revista internacional de los estudios vascos = Eusko ikaskuntzen nazioarteko aldizkaria = Revue internationale des \u00e8tudes basques = International journal on Basque studies, RIEV|alea=4|zenbakia=2|issn=0212-7016</ins>|sartze-data=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2018</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">10</ins>-19}}</ref><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">; </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">irlandera zaharra</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">irlandera zaharrean</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''L\u00e1r'' esaten zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=edil@qub.ac.uk|izenburua=eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary|hizkuntza=en|url=http://edil.qub.ac.uk/29580|aldizkaria=edil.qub.ac.uk|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref> edo </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gales</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ez ''llawr''. Hitz hauek </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aitzinbritoniera</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">tik datoz, ''*l\u1ecdr''</ins><ref>{{Erreferentzia<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|izena=Matasovi\u0107,|abizena=Ranko.</ins>|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Etymological dictionary of proto-Celtic|argitaletxea=Brill</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">data</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2009</ins>|url=https://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oclc</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">262430534|isbn=9789004173361</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pmc</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">262430534</ins>|sartze-data=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2018</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">10</ins>-19}}</ref><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">. Hitz honetatik hainbat eratorri daude </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Zelta hizkuntzak</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hizkuntza zeltatan</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">: ''lor'' </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bretoiera</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zaharrean eta ''leur'' bretoieraz zein </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kornubiera</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">z, edo ''laur'' aitzinako galesez; guzti hauen esanahia \u00abzorua\u00bb </ins>da<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/l\u1ecdr - Wiktionary|hizkuntza=en|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/l%E1%BB%8Dr|aldizkaria=en.wiktionary.org|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref></ins>. [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Aintzinzeltera</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zko ''*\u0278l\u0101rom'' hitzetik dator eta hau </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aitzinindoeuropera</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ko ''*pleh\u2082rom'' edo ''*ploh\u2082rom'' hitzetatik. ''*pleh\u2082-'' erroak \u00ablaua izatea\u00bb esan nahi du<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Vaan, Michiel Arnoud Cor de</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|abizena=1973-|izenburua=Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages|argitaletxea=Brill|data=2008|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225873936|isbn=9789004167971|pmc=225873936|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Hitz horretatik eratortzen dira ere </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">latin</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ezko ''plautus'' (</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">osko</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">en \ud800\udf10\ud800\udf0b\ud800\udf00\ud800\udf05\ud800\udf15\ud800\udf00\ud800\udf03 hitzetik; \u00ablaua\u00bb</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00abzabala\u00bb)</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''pl\u0101nus'' (\u00ablaua\u00bb) </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''planta'' (\u00ablandare\u00bb) hitzak<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh\u2082- - Wiktionary|hizkuntza=en|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh%E2%82%82-|aldizkaria=en.wiktionary.org|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Latinezko hitz hauen jatorri berberekoak </ins>dira <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">euskarazko \u00ablaua\u00bb</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00ableun\u00bb eta \u00ablandare\u00bb</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimikako laborategiak estereotipoz </del>erabiltzen <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ditu beirazko hainbat material mota</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hala ere</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">beirateria ez </del>da <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">funtsezkoa kimikarako</del>, eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimika esperimentalaren zati handi bat (</del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimika aplikatu</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a </del>edo <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">industriala bezala</del>) <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">beirazko matrazerik gabe egiten da</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren [[sinonimo]] bezala hainbat hitz </ins>erabiltzen <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">dira</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Horietako bat ''ludi'' da, [[Sabin Arana]]k asmatutako [[neologismo]]a, ''lu-'' hitzari ''-di'' atzizkia gehituta<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Pagola Hern\u00e1ndez</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|abizena=In\u00e9s.|izenburua=Neologismos en la obra de Sabino Arana Goiri|argitaletxea=Euskaltzaindia|data=2005|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433329956|isbn=8495438232|pmc=433329956|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Beste bat ''mundu'' </ins>da <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">({{lang-es|mundo}}, {{lang-fr|monde}})</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">latineko ''mundus'' hitzetik eratorria </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hau </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">etrusko</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">tik (\ud800\udf0c\ud800\udf16\ud800\udf08) edo aitzinindoeuroperatik (''*mh\u2082nd-''). Jatorrian \u00abgarbia\u00bb </ins>edo <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00abedertua\u00bb esan nahi du (alderatu aurkako ''inmundizia'' hitzarekin</ins>)<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A Latin Dictionary,</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mundus|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=mundus1|aldizkaria=www.perseus.tufts.edu|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A Latin Dictionary,</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mundus|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=mundus2|aldizkaria=www.perseus.tufts.edu|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fitxategi:Chemicals in flasks</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jpg|thumb|Substantzien </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">disoluzio</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak erreaktibo</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">flaskoetan</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">amonio-hidroxido</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">azido nitriko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a barne, hainbat koloretan argiztatuta</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">]]</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Termino zientifikoak erabiltzen direnean, latinezko ''</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">terra]]'' eta ''[[tell\u016bs]]'' hitzak eta [[antzinako greziera]]ko ''\u03b3\u1fc6'' (''g\u0113'') ere erabiltzen dira</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''Terra'' hitza </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">terraformazio</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bezalako hitzetan erabiltzen da, eta aitzinindoeuroperako ''*ters</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'' hitzetik eratorria da</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00ablehorra\u00bb; ''tellus'' hitza ''teluriko'' bezalako hitzetan erabiltzen da, aitzinindoeuroperako ''*telh\u2082-o-'' hizetik (\u00abzorua\u00bb); grezierazko ''\u03b3\u1fc6'' hitza ''</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">geologia</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'' bezalako hitzetan erabiltzen da; bertatik dator ere Lurra izendatzeko sinonimoa den </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gaia hipotesia|Gaia</ins>]].</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreakzio </del>kimiko]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bat substantzia batzuk substantzia desberdin </del>batean <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edo </del>batzuetan <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eraldatzea </del>da<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">IUPAC Gold Book</del>|data=2007-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">03</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">04</del>|url=https://web.archive.org/web/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">20070304035235</del>/http://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">goldbook</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">iupac</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">C01033</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">html</del>|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2023</del>-03-19}}</ref>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eraldaketa kimiko horren oinarria atomoen arteko lotura kimikoetan </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elektroi</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak berrantolatzea </del>da. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sinbolikoki </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ekuazio kimiko</del>]] baten <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bidez adieraz daiteke</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">non atomoek subjektu </del>gisa <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">esku hartu ohi duten</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eraldaketa kimiko baten ekuazioan</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ezkerreko </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eskuineko </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Estekiometria</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atomoen kopurua berdina </del>da]]. (Bi <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldeetan atomo kopurua desberdina denean</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">transformazioari </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erreakzio nuklear</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ra </del>edo [[desintegrazio erradioaktibo]]a <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">esaten zaio</del>). <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Substantzia </del>batek <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jasan ditzakeen erreakzio kimiko </del>motak eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">substantzia horrekin batera gerta daitezkeen energia</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldaketak oinarrizko arau batzuek mugatzen dituzte</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lege kimiko</del>]] gisa <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ezagutzen direnak</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Kronologia ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Lurraren historia}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Sorrera ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Eguzki sistemaren sorrera eta garapena}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg|thumb|Disko protoplanetarioaren irudikapen artistikoa.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Eguzki-sistema]]n aurkitutako materialik zaharrenak 4.567,2\u00b10,6 milioi urte ditu<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=S. A.|abizena=Bowring|izenburua=The Earth's early evolution|orrialdeak=1535\u20131540|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Housh|izena2=T.|data=1995-09-15|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/269/5230/1535|aldizkaria=Science|alea=5230|zenbakia=269|issn=0036-8075|pmid=7667634|doi=10.1126/science.7667634|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Orain dela 4.540\u00b140 milioi urte Lurraren lehen egitura osatu zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Dalrymple, G.|abizena=Brent.|izenburua=The age of the earth|argitaletxea=Stanford University Press|data=1991|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22347190|isbn=0804715696|pmc=22347190|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=G. Brent|abizena=Dalrymple|izenburua=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved|orrialdeak=205\u2013221|data=2001|url=https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14|aldizkaria=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|alea=1|zenbakia=190|issn=0305-8719|doi=10.1144/gsl.sp.2001.190.01.14|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. [[Eguzki sistemaren sorrera eta garapena]] aldi berean eman zen. Teorian, [[nebulosa]] edo [[disko protoplanetario]] batetik sortzen dira planetak. [[Grabitate]]aren ondorioz disko hori biratzen hasten da, eta biraketarekin lauago egiten sortu berria den [[izar]]raren inguruan. Planetak disko horretan ere sortzen hasten dira, grabitazioaren ondorioz. [[Nebulosa]] horretan [[gas]]ak, [[izotz]]a eta [[hauts]]a daude. Teoria nebularraren arabera, [[planetesimal]]ak sortzen dira [[akrezio]]z, eta Lurra bezalako planeta batek 10 eta 20 milioi urte artean behar izan zituen osatzeko<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Qingzhu|abizena=Yin|izenburua=A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf\u2013Wchronometry of meteorites|orrialdeak=949\u2013952|hizkuntza=En|abizena2=Jacobsen|abizena3=Yamashita|abizena4=Blichert-Toft|abizena5=T\u00e9louk|abizena6=Albar\u00e8de|izena2=S. B.|izena3=K.|izena4=J.|izena5=P.|izena6=F.|data=2002-08|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00995|aldizkaria=Nature|alea=6901|zenbakia=418|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature00995|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Ilargia]]ren sorrera ere Lurraren sorrerarekin batera ikertzen da. Ilargia orain dela 4.530 milioi urte inguru sortu zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Thorsten|abizena=Kleine|izenburua=Hf-W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon|orrialdeak=1671\u20131674|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Palme|abizena3=Mezger|abizena4=Halliday|izena2=Herbert|izena3=Klaus|izena4=Alex N.|data=2005-12-09|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/310/5754/1671|aldizkaria=Science|alea=5754|zenbakia=310|issn=0036-8075|pmid=16308422|doi=10.1126/science.1118842|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Hipotesi nagusiaren arabera [[Marte]]ren tamaina zuen objektu batek, [[Tea (planeta)|Tea]] izenekoa, [[Talka handiaren hipotesia|Lurraren aurka jo zuen]] eta kanporatutako materialaren akrezioa sortu zen Ilargia<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Controversial Moon Origin Theory Rewrites History : Discovery News|data=2010-01-09|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109042800/http://news.discovery.com/space/moon-earth-formation.html|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Ikuspegi honen arabera Theia Lurraren masaren % 10 inguru zuen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Canup, R.|abizena=M.|izenburua=An impact origin of the Earth-Moon system|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=E.|izena2=Asphaug,|data=2001-12|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFM.U51A..02C|aldizkaria=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>, eta bere masaren zati bat Lurrean barneratu zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Robin M.|abizena=Canup|izenburua=Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation|orrialdeak=708\u2013712|hizkuntza=En|abizena2=Asphaug|izena2=Erik|data=2001-08|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/35089010|aldizkaria=Nature|alea=6848|zenbakia=412|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/35089010|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Orain dela 4.100 eta 3.800 milioi urte artean [[asteroide]] kopuru handi batek Lurra eta Ilargiaren aurka jo zuen, [[Bonbardaketa Handi Berantiarra]] deitu den fenomenoan. Lurraren inguruan eragin handia izan zuen, baina bereziki Ilargiarenean.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Historia geologikoa ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Garai geologiko}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Lurraren atmosfera]] eta [[ozeano]]ak [[sumendi|sumendien aktibitatearen]] eta [[desgasifikazio]]aren ondorioz sortu ziren. [[Ur]] [[lurrun]]a iturri hauetatik atera eta kondentsatu zen ozeanoak sortzeko, eta [[asteroide]], [[protoplaneta]] eta [[kometa|kometen]] izotzarekin kopurua handitu zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=A.|abizena=Morbidelli|izenburua=Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth|orrialdeak=1309\u20131320|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Chambers|abizena3=Lunine|abizena4=Petit|abizena5=Robert|abizena6=Valsecchi|abizena7=Cyr|izena2=J.|izena3=J. I.|izena4=J. M.|izena5=F.|izena6=G. B.|izena7=K. E.|data=2000-11|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x|aldizkaria=Meteoritics & Planetary Science|alea=6|zenbakia=35|issn=1086-9379|doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. [[Eguzki gazte ahularen paradoxa|Eredu honen arabera]], atmosferako [[berotegi-efektuko gas]]ek ozeanoak ez [[izozte]]a ekarri zuen, Eguzkiak garai hartan gaur egun duen [[Eguzkiaren argitasun]]aren % 70 baino ez baitzuen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=The evolving Sun and its influence on planetary environments : proceedings of a workshop held at Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda, Granada, Spain, 18-20 June 2001|argitaletxea=Astronomical Society of the Pacific|data=2002|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51893229|edizioa=1st ed|isbn=1583811095|pmc=51893229|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Orain dela 3.500 milioi urte [[Lurraren eremu magnetikoa]] eratu zen, atmosfera [[Eguzki haize]]ak eramatea ekidin zuena<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Oldest measurement of Earth's magnetic field reveals battle between Sun and Earth for our atmosphere|url=http://www.physorg.com/news186922627.html|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Lurra izotz-bola bat izan zenekoa.webm|thumb|Lurra izotz-bola bat izan zenekoa]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren kanpoaldean zegoen [[magma]] urtua solidotzen hasi zen geruza bat sortuz. Bi eredu daude gaur egun prozesu hau azaltzeko<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Rogers, John J. W. (John James William),|abizena=1930-2015.|izenburua=Continents and supercontinents|argitaletxea=Oxford University Press|data=2004|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61341472|isbn=1423720504|pmc=61341472|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>: batean lur lehorreko masak pixkanaka sortu ziren gaur egungo formara iritsi arte<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Patrick M.|abizena=Hurley|izenburua=Pre-Drift Continental Nuclei|orrialdeak=1229\u20131242|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Rand|izena2=John R.|data=1969-06-13|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/164/3885/1229|aldizkaria=Science|alea=3885|zenbakia=164|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17772560|doi=10.1126/science.164.3885.1229|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>; bestean, probabilitate handiagoarekin, sorrera hori azkarra izan zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=J.|abizena=De Smet|izenburua=Early formation and long-term stability of continents resulting from decompression melting in a convecting mantle|orrialdeak=19\u201333|abizena2=Van den Berg|abizena3=Vlaar|izena2=A.P.|izena3=N.J.|data=2000-07|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00055-X|aldizkaria=Tectonophysics|alea=1-2|zenbakia=322|issn=0040-1951|doi=10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00055-x|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref> Lurraren historiaren lehen uneetan, eta ondoren mugimendurik gabeko egoera kontinental egon zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=T. M.|abizena=Harrison|izenburua=Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium: Evidence of Continental Crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga|orrialdeak=1947\u20131950|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Blichert-Toft|abizena3=M\u00fcller|abizena4=Albarede|abizena5=Holden|abizena6=Mojzsis|izena2=J.|izena3=W.|izena4=F.|izena5=P.|izena6=S. J.|data=2005-12-23|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/310/5756/1947|aldizkaria=Science|alea=5756|zenbakia=310|issn=0036-8075|pmid=16293721|doi=10.1126/science.1117926|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Dawei|abizena=Hong|izenburua=Continental crustal growth and the supercontinental cycle: evidence from the Central Asian Orogenic Belt|orrialdeak=799\u2013813|abizena2=Zhang|abizena3=Wang|abizena4=Wang|abizena5=Xie|izena2=Jisheng|izena3=Tao|izena4=Shiguang|izena5=Xilin|data=2004-09|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00134-2|aldizkaria=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|alea=5|zenbakia=23|issn=1367-9120|doi=10.1016/s1367-9120(03)00134-2|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. [[Kontinente]]ak [[plaken tektonika]]ren ondorioz sortu ziren, Lurraren barnealdearen bero galeraren ondorioz. Ehunka milioi urte pasa eta gero, [[superkontinente]]ak sortu eta bereizi dira behin eta berriz. Orain dela 750 milioi urte [[Rodinia]] izeneko superkontinentea hautsi zen. Ondoren berriro elkartu ziren, [[Pannotia]] izenekoa sortzeko orain dela 600-540 milioi urte artean. Hau berriro apurtu eta [[Pangea]] osatu zen, orain dela 180 milioi urte hautsi zena<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=J. Brendan|abizena=Murphy|izenburua=How Do Supercontinents Assemble?|orrialdeak=324|abizena2=Nance|izena2=R.|data=2004|url=https://doi.org/10.1511/2004.4.324|aldizkaria=American Scientist|alea=4|zenbakia=92|issn=0003-0996|doi=10.1511/2004.4.324|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hainbat alditan glaziazioak egon dira, adibidez [[Neoproterozoiko]]an [[Elur bola lur|ia-ia lur osoa]] izotzez estali zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Judy P.|abizena=Pu|izenburua=Dodging snowballs: Geochronology of the Gaskiers glaciation and the first appearance of the Ediacaran biota|orrialdeak=955\u2013958|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Bowring|abizena3=Ramezani|abizena4=Myrow|abizena5=Raub|abizena6=Landing|abizena7=Mills|abizena8=Hodgin|abizena9=Macdonald|izena2=Samuel A.|izena3=Jahandar|izena4=Paul|izena5=Timothy D.|izena6=Ed|izena7=Andrea|izena8=Eben|izena9=Francis A.|data=2016-09-28|url=https://doi.org/10.1130/G38284.1|aldizkaria=Geology|alea=11|zenbakia=44|issn=0091-7613|doi=10.1130/g38284.1|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=W. B.|abizena=Harland|izenburua=Critical evidence for a great infra-Cambrian glaciation|orrialdeak=45\u201361|hizkuntza=en|data=1964-05|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01821169|aldizkaria=Geologische Rundschau|alea=1|zenbakia=54|issn=0016-7835|doi=10.1007/bf01821169|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Gaur egungo izotzaren distribuzioa orain dela 40 milioi urte inguru hasi zen, eta izotza orain dela 3 milioi urte hasi zen handitzen. [[Latitude]] garaiko eremuetan </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">glaziazio]] ezberdinak eman dira ziklikoki hortik aurrera, 40.000 eta 100.000 urtean behin. Azken glaziazio kontinental handia orain dela 10.000 urte amaitu zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Paleoclimatology|url=http://www.lakepowell.net/sciencecenter/paleoclimate.htm|aldizkaria=www.lakepowell.net|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Biziaren jatorria eta eboluzioa ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{nagusia|Biziaren jatorria}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Champagne_vent_white_smokers.jpg|thumb|Ezagutzen diren izaki bizidunik zaharrenak [[fumarola]]tan bizi ziren [[mikroorganismo]]ak ziren, orain dela 4.280 milioi urte inguru sortuak.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Orain dela 4.000 milioi urte inguru euren burua [[erreakzio </ins>kimiko]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">z erreplikatzeko gai ziren lehen [[molekula]]k sortu ziren. 500 milioi urte beranduago [[azken arbaso unibertsal komuna]] bizi izan zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=W. F.|abizena=Doolittle|izenburua=Uprooting the tree of life|orrialdeak=90\u201395|data=2000-2|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710791|aldizkaria=Scientific American|alea=2|zenbakia=282|issn=0036-8733|pmid=10710791|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. [[Fotosintesi]]ari esker Eguzkiaren [[energia]] zuzenean eralda zitekeen [[biologia]]n. Sortutako [[oxigeno]] molekularrak (<chem>O2</chem>) atmosferan metatu zen, eta [[eguzki-erradiazio]]aren [[izpi ultramore]]en ondorioz [[ozono geruza]] (<chem>O3</chem>) sortu zen atmosferaren goiko geruzatan<ref name=\":3\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=Carl|abizena=Zimmer|izenburua=The Mystery of Earth\u2019s Oxygen|hizkuntza=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. [[Zelula]] txikiak [[teoria endosinbiotiko|beste handiagoen barruan]] sartuz [[eukarioto]] izeneko zelula konplexuak sortu ziren<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281965%29022%3C0225%3AOTOARO%3E2.0.CO%3B2|hizkuntza=en|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281965%29022%3C0225%3AOTOARO%3E2.0.CO%3B2|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022%3C0225:otoaro%3E2.0.co;2|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Michael W.|abizena=Gray|izenburua=Lynn Margulis and the endosymbiont hypothesis: 50 years later|orrialdeak=1285\u20131287|data=2017-05-15|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5426843/|aldizkaria=Molecular Biology of the Cell|alea=10|zenbakia=28|issn=1059-1524|pmid=28495966|pmc=PMC5426843|doi=10.1091/mbc.E16-07-0509|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Zelula-[[Kolonia (biologia)|koloniak]] geroz eta espezializatuago bilakatu ziren, eta horrekin lehen [[organismo zelulaniztun]]ak sortu ziren. Ozonoak eteten zuen [[erradiazio ultramorea]] gutxituz, [[Lur lehor]]ra kolonizatu zuen biziak<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=NASA - Early Life on Land|hizkuntza=en|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2000/00_79AR.html|aldizkaria=www.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Bizitzaren lehen ebidentzia [[fosil]]a [[Mendebaldeko Australia|Australiako Mendebaldeko]] [[hareharri]] </ins>batean <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aurkitutako orain dela 3.480 milioi urteko [[mikrobio]]ak daude<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Nora|abizena=Noffke|izenburua=Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in theca.3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia|orrialdeak=1103\u20131124|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Christian|abizena3=Wacey|abizena4=Hazen|izena2=Daniel|izena3=David|izena4=Robert M.|data=2013-12|url=https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2013.1030|aldizkaria=Astrobiology|alea=12|zenbakia=13|issn=1531-1074|pmid=24205812|pmc=PMC3870916|doi=10.1089/ast.2013.1030|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. [[Groenlandia]]ko [[arroka metamorfiko|arroka metasedimentario]] </ins>batzuetan <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">orain dela 3.700 milioi urteko [[grafito]] biogeniko arrastoak aurkitu dira<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Yoko|abizena=Ohtomo|izenburua=Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks|orrialdeak=25\u201328|abizena2=Kakegawa|abizena3=Ishida|abizena4=Nagase|abizena5=Rosing|izena2=Takeshi|izena3=Akizumi|izena4=Toshiro|izena5=Minik T.|data=2013-12-08|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2025|aldizkaria=Nature Geoscience|alea=1|zenbakia=7|issn=1752-0894|doi=10.1038/ngeo2025|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Australian ere orain dela 4.100 milioi urteko material biotikoa aurkitu </ins>da<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Excite News - Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth|url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html|aldizkaria=apnews.excite.com|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Elizabeth A.|abizena=Bell|izenburua=Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon|orrialdeak=14518\u201314521|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Boehnke|abizena3=Harrison|abizena4=Mao|izena2=Patrick|izena3=T. Mark|izena4=Wendy L.|data=2015-11-24|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/112/47/14518|aldizkaria=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|alea=47|zenbakia=112|issn=0027-8424|pmid=26483481|pmc=PMC4664351|doi=10.1073/pnas.1517557112|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Hala ere mikroorganismoak zuzenean erakusten dituen ebidentzia zuzenik zaharrena orain dela 3.450 milioi urtekoa da<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago|hizkuntza=en-US|url=https://news.wisc.edu/oldest-fossils-ever-found-show-life-on-earth-began-before-3-5-billion-years-ago/|aldizkaria=news.wisc.edu|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=J. William|abizena=Schopf|izenburua=SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions|orrialdeak=53\u201358|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Kitajima|abizena3=Spicuzza|abizena4=Kudryavtsev|abizena5=Valley|izena2=Kouki|izena3=Michael J.|izena4=Anatoliy B.|izena5=John W.|data=2018-01-02|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/115/1/53|aldizkaria=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|alea=1|zenbakia=115|issn=0027-8424|pmid=29255053|pmc=PMC5776830|doi=10.1073/pnas.1718063115|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Neoproterozoiko]]an, orain dela 750 eta 580 milioi urte, Lurraren gehiengoa izotzez estali zen. [[Elur-bola Lurra]] deitu den hipotesi hau oso interesgarria da ondoren gertatutako [[Kanbriarreko leherketa]] aztertzeko, fosilizatzen ziren lehenengo animalia eta landareak azkar konplexuago egiten hasi baitziren<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=The Proterozoic biosphere : a multidisciplinary study|argitaletxea=Cambridge University Press|data=1992|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23583672|isbn=0521366151|pmc=23583672|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Kanbriarreko leherketaren ostean, orain dela 535 milioi urte, bost [[iraungitze masibo]] izan dira<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=David M.|abizena=Raup|izenburua=Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record|orrialdeak=1501\u20131503|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Sepkoski|izena2=J. John|data=1982-03-19|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/215/4539/1501|aldizkaria=Science|alea=4539|zenbakia=215|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17788674|doi=10.1126/science.215.4539.1501|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Horietatik azkena [[Kretazeo-Tertziarioko iraungipen masiboa|orain dela 65 milioi urte gertatu zen]], [[Kretazeoa|Kretazeo]] eta [[Zenozoiko|Tertziarioa]] bereizteko balio duen [[meteorito]] batek [[dinosauro]]ak eta beste hainbat animalia hil eta [[ugaztun]]ei bidea utzi zienean. Ugaztunak orain dela 66 milioi urte hasi ziren dibertsifikatzen, eta hainbat milioi urte beranduago ''[[Orrorin tugenensis]]'' izeneko [[primate]] batek zutik ibiltzeko gaitasuna eskuratu zuen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Stephen Jay|abizena=Gould|izenburua=The Evolution of Life on the Earth|orrialdeak=84\u201391|data=1994-10|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1094-84|aldizkaria=Scientific American|alea=4|zenbakia=271|issn=0036-8733|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1094-84|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>. Honek tresnen erabilera eta [[komunikazioa]] bultzatu zuen, [[burmuin]]a gehiago estimulatuz, [[giza eboluzioa]]ren oinarrian. Duela 20.000 urte, [[gizaki]]ak [[nekazaritza]] garatu zuen, [[Neolitoko iraultza]]n, eta harekin batera lehenengo zibilizazioak sortu ziren orain dela 10.000 urte: horrek Lurraren itxura guztiz eraldatu zuen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=B. H.|abizena=Wilkinson|izenburua=The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation|orrialdeak=140\u2013156|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=McElroy|izena2=B. J.</ins>|data=2007-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">01-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1130/B25899.1|aldizkaria=Geological Society of America Bulletin|alea=1-2|zenbakia=119|issn=0016-7606|doi=10.1130/b25899.1|sartze-data=2018-07-01}}</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Etorkizuna ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Eguzkia#Nukleoko_hidrogenoa_amaitu_ostean}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren etorkizun urruna Eguzkiaren etorkizunari lotuta dago. Hurrengo 1.100 milioi urtetan, eguzkiaren [[luminositate]]a % 10 handituko da, eta hurrengo 3.500 milioi urtetan % 40 inguru<ref name=\":0\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=I.-Juliana|abizena=Sackmann|izenburua=Our Sun. III. Present and Future|orrialdeak=457|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Boothroyd|abizena3=Kraemer|izena2=Arnold I.|izena3=Kathleen E.|data=1993-11|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...418..457S|aldizkaria=The Astrophysical Journal|zenbakia=418|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1086/173407|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Lurrazaleko tenperatura etengabe igoko da, [[karbonoaren ziklo]] inorganikoa bizkortuz eta <chem>CO2</chem> kontzentrazioa gutxituz, [[landare]]entzat hilgarria den punturaino (10 ppm [[fotosintesi|C4 fotosintesirako]]) iritsiz hemendik 500-900 milioi urte inguru barru<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=SPACE.com -- Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got?|data=2009-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">05</ins>|url=https://web.archive.org/web/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">20090605231345</ins>/http://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Landare gabeziak atmosferako [[oxigeno]]a galtzea ekarriko du, [[animalia|animalien]] bizia ere ezinezko eginez<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Ward, Peter D. (Peter Douglas),|abizena=1949-|izenburua=The life and death of planet Earth : how the new science of astrobiology charts the ultimate fate of our world|argitaletxea=Times Books|data=2003, \u00a92002|url=https://www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oclc/50322946|isbn=0805067817|pmc=50322946|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Beste mila milioi urte pasata, lurrazaleko ur guztia desagertuko da, eta batez besteko tenperatura globala 70&nbsp;\u00b0C inguru izango da<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=BBC NEWS</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> | Science/Nature | Specials {{!}} Washington 2000</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> | Date set for desert Earth|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/specials/washington_2000/649913.stm|aldizkaria=news.bbc.co.uk|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Puntu horretatik aurrera, Lurrean bizia egon daiteke beste 500 milioi urtez, edo 2.300 milioi urte atmosferatik [[nitrogeno]]a kentzen bada<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=King-Fai|abizena=Li|izenburua=Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere|orrialdeak=9576\u20139579|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Pahlevan|abizena3=Kirschvink|abizena4=Yung|izena2=Kaveh|izena3=Joseph L.|izena4=Yuk L.|data=2009-06-16|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9576|aldizkaria=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|alea=24|zenbakia=106|issn=0027-8424|pmid=19487662|pmc=PMC2701016|doi=10.1073/pnas.0809436106|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Eguzkia egonkorra balitz ere betirako, hurrengo mila milioi urtetan ozeanoetako uraren % 27 [[mantu]]ra jaitsiko da, ozeano erdiko gandorretan ez delako nahikoa lurrun aterako<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=C.|abizena=Bounama|izenburua=The fate of Earth\u2019s ocean|orrialdeak=569\u2013576|abizena2=Franck|abizena3=von Bloh|izena2=S.|izena3=W.|data=2001-12-31|url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/5/569/2001/|aldizkaria=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.|alea=4|zenbakia=5|issn=1607-7938|doi=10.5194/hess-5-569-2001|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguzkia [[erraldoi gorri]]a izango da hemendik 5.000 milioi urte ingurura. Ereduek aurreikusten dute Eguzkiaren tamaina handituko dela UA 1 izan arte (150 milioi kilometro), gaur egun baino 250 aldiz handiagoa<ref name=\":1\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=K.-P.|abizena=Schr\u00f6der|izenburua=Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited|orrialdeak=155\u2013163|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Connon Smith|izena2=Robert|data=2008-05-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x</ins>|aldizkaria=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|alea=1|zenbakia=386|issn=0035-8711|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Hope dims that Earth will survive Sun's death - space - 22 February 2008 - New Scientist|data=2012-04-15|url=https://</ins>web.archive.org<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/web/20120415105707/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13369|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Lurraren patua zein izango den ez dago hain argi. Erraldoi gorri gisa, Eguzkiak bere masaren % 30 inguru galduko du, beraz [[itsasaldi]]en efektuen ondorioz Lurra 1,7 UA ingurura urrunduko da (250 milioi kilometro) Eguzkiak bere erradio maximoa duenean. [[Izaki bizidun]]ik egongo balitz, ia guztia (edo agian guztia) desagertuko litzateke Eguzkiaren argitasuna handitu delako (gaur egun duena baino 5.000 aldiz distiratsuagoa izango da)<ref name=\":0\" />. [[2008]]an egindako simulazio batek erakutsi zuen Lurraren orbita erortzen joango dela, pixkanaka, Eguzkiaren grabitazioaren tiraldiaren ondorioz. [[Kromosfera]]n sartzen den unean Lurra lurrundu eta desagertuko da<ref name=\":1\" />.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Ezaugarri fisikoak ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Forma ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg|thumb|upright|Lurraren topografia, bere zentrotik neurtua.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Astronomische und Physikalische Geod\u00e4sie: Startseite|hizkuntza=de|url=http://www.iapg.bgu.tum.de/9321785--~iapg~forschung~Topographie~Earth2014.html|aldizkaria=www.iapg.bgu.tum.de</ins>|sartze-data=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2018-10-19}}</ref>.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren forma [[esferoide]] oblatu batena da. [[Errotazio]]aren ondorioz, Lurra zanpatua dago [[polo]]etan eta zabalduago [[ekuatore]]an<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model|url=http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/gislis96.html|aldizkaria=www.ngs.noaa.gov|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Lurraren diametroa ekuatorean poloetan baino 43 kilometro handiagoa da. Beraz, Lurraren [[masa zentro]]tik urrunen dagoen puntua [[Ekuador]]ren dagoen [[Chimborazo]] sumendia da<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Did Edmund Hillary Climb the Wrong Mountain|url=http://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=589|aldizkaria=archives.profsurv.com|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=David|abizena=Sharp|izenburua=Chimborazo and the old kilogram|orrialdeak=831\u2013832|data=2005</ins>-03<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71021-7|aldizkaria=The Lancet|alea=9462|zenbakia=365|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71021-7|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Tall Tales about Highest Peaks|hizkuntza=en-AU|data=2004-04-16|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/s1086384.htm|aldizkaria=www.abc.net.au|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=The 'Highest' Spot on Earth?|hizkuntza=en|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163|aldizkaria=NPR.org|sartze-data=2018-10</ins>-19}}</ref>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Esferoidearen erreferentziarako batez besteko diametroa 12.742 kilometro da. [[Topografia]] lokalak esferoide idealizatutik urruntzen du Lurraren forma, nahiz eta eskala global batean desbideraketa hauek txikiak dira Lurraren erradioarekin alderatuta: desbideraketa maximoa </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Marianetako itsas hobia</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">n ematen </ins>da<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, % 0,17, [[itsas-maila]]ren azpitik 10</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">911 metrora daudenak; </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Everest]] mendia 8.848 metrora dago itsas-mailatik, eta bere desbideraketa % 0,14 da<ref group=\"oh\">Bestela esanda, Lurrak [[billar</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bola </ins>baten <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">tamaina izango balu, mendi altuak eta ozeano sakonak inperfekzio txikiak baino ez lirateke, eta lautada handiak edo lautada abisalak eskualde oso leunak lirateke</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Geodesia]]n, Lurreko ozeanoek [[lur lehor]]rik edo [[itsasaldi]]rik eta [[haize]]rik gabe hartuko lukeen formari [[geoide]] esaten zaio. Zehatzago esanda, geoidea da itsas mailan [[grabitazio]] ekipotentziala duen gainazala.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Tamaina ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Ekuatore]]ko [[zirkunferentzia]] 40 091 [[Kilometro|km]]-koa da, [[diametro]]a aldiz, ekuatorean 12 756 km-koa den bitartean, poloetan 12 730 km-koa da. Erreferentziazko bataz besteko diametroa 12 742 km ingurukoa da, gutxi gorabehera, 40 000/\u03c0. Garrantzitsua da jakitea, metroa definitzeko ekuatoretik [[Iparburua|Ipar Polora]] dagoen distantzia hartu zen ardatz gisa, [[Paris]]etik ([[Frantzia]]) pasata. Aipatutako distantziaren bat hamar milioirenek metro bat osatzen dute. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lur planetaren tamainaren lehen neurketa [[Eratostenes]]ek egin zuen</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">K. a. 240 urtean. Garai haietan Lurra itxura biribileko </ins>gisa <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">irudikatzen eta onartzen zela esan beharra dago.\u00a0 Eratostenesek kalkulu konplexu hau egiteko [[Eguzkia]]k [[solstizio]]an zegoenean argitzen zuen lur eremuaren angelua neurtu zuen, [[Alexandria]]tik eta [[Siena]]tik, bi hiri hauen arteko distantzia 750 km-koa izanik. Egindako kalkuluei esker eskuratu zuen neurria 12 000 km-ko diametroa izan zen eta 40 000 km-ko zirkunferentzia, gaur egungo datuetatik oso hurbil egon zen, izan ere, % 6-ko akatsa baino ez zuen egin</ins>. \u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Urteak pasa eta handik mende bat ingurura, [[Apameako Posidonio]]k, helburu berdinarekin</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kalkuluak egiten hasi </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">emaitza ezberdinak atera zitzaizkion. Haren arabera, 29 000 km-ko zirkunferentzia eduki beharko luke gure planetak, gaur egungo datuak begiratuz gero, zehaztasun gutxikoak direla jakingo dugu. [[Klaudio Ptolomeo|Ptolomeok]] balio hau onartu zuenez, hurrengo mendeetan zehar erabilia izan zen, Eratostenesenak erdi ahaztuta geratu ziren bitartean. 1521ean </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fernando Magallaes</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Magallaesek]] gure munduari [[Magallaes-Elkano espedizioa|itzuli osoa eman zionean]], Eratostenesen neurria berrezarri zen.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Konposizioa ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;\"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+Lurrazalaren konposizio kimikoa<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=R.L.|abizena=Rudnick|izenburua=Composition of the Continental Crust|argitaletxea=Elsevier|orrialdeak=1\u201364|abizena2=Gao|izena2=S.|data=2003|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B0080437516030164|aldizkaria=Treatise on Geochemistry|isbn=9780080437514|doi=10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/03016-4|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=W.M.|abizena=White|izenburua=Composition of the Oceanic Crust|argitaletxea=Elsevier|orrialdeak=457\u2013496|abizena2=Klein|izena2=E.M.|data=2014|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780080959757003156|aldizkaria=Treatise on Geochemistry|isbn=9780080983004|doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00315-6|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!rowspan=\"2\"|Konposatua</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!rowspan=\"2\"|Formula</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!colspan=\"2\"|Konposizioa</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!style=\"font-size: smaller;\"|Kontinentala</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!style=\"font-size: smaller;\"|Ozeanikoa</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[silikato]]ak</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: center;\"|<chem>SiO2</chem></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%60,6</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%48,6</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[aluminio oxido]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: center;\"|<chem>Al2O3</chem></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%15,9</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%16,5</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[kaltzio oxido]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: center;\"|<chem>CaO</chem></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%6,41</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%12,3</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[magnesio oxido]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: center;\"|<chem>MgO</chem></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%4,66</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%6,8</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[burdin oxido]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: center;\"|<chem>FeO_{T}</chem></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%6,71</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%6,2</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[sodio oxido]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: center;\"|<chem>Na2O</chem></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%3,07</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%2,6</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[potasio oxido]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: center;\"|<chem>K2O</chem></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%1,81</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%0,4</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[titanio dioxido]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| style=\"text-align: center;\" |<chem>TiO2</chem></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| style=\"text-align: right;\" |%0,72</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| style=\"text-align: right;\" |%1,4</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[fosforo pentaoxido]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| style=\"text-align: center;\" |<chem>P2O5</chem></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| style=\"text-align: right;\" |%0,13</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| style=\"text-align: right;\" |%0,3</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[manganeso oxido]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: center;\"|<chem>MnO</chem></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%0,10</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align: right;\"|%1,4</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! colspan=\"2\" |Guztira</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! style=\"text-align: right;\" |%100,1</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! style=\"text-align: right;\" |%99,9</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Lurraren masa]] 5.97\u00d710<sup>24</sup> [[kilogramo|kg]] inguru </ins>da<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">. Batez ere [[burdin]]ez (% 32,1), [[oxigeno]]z (% 30,1), [[silizio]]z (%\u00a0 15,1), [[magnesio]]z (% 13,9), [[sufre]]z (% 2,9), [[nikel]]ez (% 1,8), [[kaltzio]]z (% 1,5) eta [[aluminio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">z (% 1,4 osatuta dago; gainontzeko % 1,2 beste [[elementu kimiko]]en trazak dira</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Masaren segragazioa|Masaren segregazioaren]] ondorioz, nukleoa batez ere burdinez osatuta dagoela estimatzen da </ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">% 88,8), nikel (% 5,8), sufre (% 4,5) eta beste elementu batzuen trazekin batera<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=John W.|abizena=Morgan|izenburua=Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury|orrialdeak=6973\u20136977|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Anders|izena2=Edward|data=1980-12-01|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/77/12/6973|aldizkaria=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|alea=12|zenbakia=77|issn=0027-8424|pmid=16592930|doi=10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Lurrazala]]ren osagai nagusi ia guztiak [[oxido]]ak dira. Oxido ez direnen artean [[kloro]]a, [[sufre]]a eta [[fluor]]ra daude, baina arroken % 1 baino ez dira. Lurrazalaren % 99 hamaika oxidok osatzen dute, batez ere [[silikato]]ak, [[alumina]], [[burdin oxido]]a, [[kare]]a, [[magnesia]] eta [[potasa]]k<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Brown, G. C. (Geoff|abizena=C.)|izenburua=The inaccessible earth|argitaletxea=Allen & Unwin|data=1981|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7523842|isbn=0045500274|pmc=7523842|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Barne egitura ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Lurraren egitura}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Lurraren egitura]], beste planeta teluriko guztietan bezala, geruzatan bereizia dago. Geruza hauek izan daitezke kimikoak edo fisikoak. </ins>Bi <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eredu daude lurraren barnealdea azaltzeko, eredu geoestatikoa eta geodinamikoa. Lurraren egitura mekanikoa aztertzen badugu, eredu geodinamikoa izango dugu; [[erreologia]] bakarrik aztertzen badugu, geoestatikoa. Eredu batean mantua dena eta bestean mesosfera denaren barnealdean nukleoa dago. Nukleoaren kanpoaldean [[biskositate]] oso baxua duen zona likido bat dago, eta barruan solidoa den barne nukleoa<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Global earth physics : a handbook of physical constants|argitaletxea=American Geophysical Union|data=1995|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31753729|isbn=0875908519|pmc=31753729|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Barne nukleoak planetak baino pixka bat azkarrago biratzen du, 0,1-0</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">5\u00ba inguru gehiago urtean<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Richard A.|abizena=Kerr|izenburua=Earth's Inner Core Is Running a Tad Faster Than the Rest of the Planet|orrialdeak=1313\u20131313|hizkuntza=en|data=2005-08-26|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/309/5739/1313.1|aldizkaria=Science|alea=5739|zenbakia=309|issn=0036-8075|pmid=16123276|doi=10.1126/science.309.5739.1313a|sartze-data=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Barne nukleo honen erradioa lurraren bosten bat da. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Eredu geostatikoa ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Earth cutaway schematic-eu.svg|thumb|Eredu geoestatikoa eta geodinamikoa erakusten duen eskema.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Lurrazal]]a: kanpoko geruza da eta [[ozeano]]etan dituen 12 [[kilometro|km-tik]] [[kratoi]]etan dituen 80 km-taraino irits daiteke. Batez ere [[basalto]] eta [[granito]]z osatuta dago.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Mantua]]: lurrazalaren eta nukleoaren artean dagoen geruza da. 2900 km.ko sakonerara iristen da. Mantua batez ere [[peridotita]]z osatua dago. Lurrazalaren eta Mantuaren arteko banaketa </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mohorovi\u010di\u0107 etenunea]]n egiten da. Mantua goi eta behe mantuan bana daiteke. Biak ezberdintzen diren puntua [[Repettiren etenunea]] da.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Nukleo (geologia)|Nukleoa]]: 3.475 kmko lodiera duen geruza da. Mantutik [[Gutenberg etenunea]]k bereizten du. Burdina eta Nikelez osatutako aleazio batez osatuta dago eta [[eremu magnetiko]]a sortzen den lekua da. Barne eta kanpo nukleoan bereiz daiteke. Barne nukleoa solidoa dela uste da eta kanpo nukleoa [[likido]]a da. Bien arteko ezberdintasuna [[Lehman etenunea]]n ematen da.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Eredu geodinamikoa ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Litosfera]]: modu elastikoan jarduten duen goiko azala da. 250 km-ko lodiera du eta lurrazal osoa eta mantuaren zati bat hartzen ditu.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Astenosfera]]: fluxu eran portatzen den mantuaren zatia da. Geruza horretan [[uhin sismiko]]en abiadura jaisten da.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Mesosfera</ins>]] edo <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">behe mantua. [[Mea|Mineralak]] dentsoagoak bilakatzen dira euren konposaketa aldatu gabe.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[D geruza]]: mesosfera eta endosferaren arteko trantsizio aldea da. Arrokak asko berotu eta litosferaraino igo daitezke [[sumendi]]ak sortuz.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Endosfera]]: eredu geoestatikoko nukleoaren parekoa da.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Beroa ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Lurraren bero fluxua}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Earth_heat_flow.jpg|thumb|Lurraren bero fluxua.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren barne-beroa [[akrezio]] planetarioak sortutako hondar-berotik (% 20) eta </ins>[[desintegrazio erradioaktibo<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">]]ak sortzen duen berotik (% 80) dator.<ref name=\":2\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=Turcotte, Donald|abizena=Lawson,|izenburua=Geodynamics|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48194722|edizioa=2nd ed|isbn=0521661862|pmc=48194722|sartze-data=2018-12-06}}</ref> Lur planetaren kasuan, bero gehien ekoizten duten [[isotopo]]ak hauek dira: [[Potasio|potasio-40]], [[Uranio|uranio-238]], [[uranio-235]] eta [[Torio|torio-232]].<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=12.10.2003 - Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core|url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/12/10_heat.shtml|aldizkaria=www.berkeley.edu|sartze-data=2018-12-06}}</ref> Planetaren erdigune edo nukleoan, tenperatura 7000\u00ba[[Kelvin (unitatea)|K]]-etara eta [[presio</ins>]]a <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">360 [[Pascal (unitatea</ins>)<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|GPa]]-ra iritsi daiteke.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|url=http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfbdxa/pubblicazioni/PTRSA2002.pdf|aldizkaria=www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk|sartze-data=2018-12-06}}</ref> Lur planetaren bero-iturri nagusia isotopoen desintegrazio erradioaktiboan oinarritutakoa denez, gure planeta gaztea zenean, bizitza ez oso luzeko isotopoak erabat desintegratu baino lehen, beroa askoz ere handiagoa eduki behar izan zuela diote zientzialariek. Bero ekoizpen gehigarri honek, gutxi gorabehera duela 3000 milioi urte gaur egungoaren bikoitza zena,<ref name=\":2\" /> planetaren barneko tenperatura [[gradiente]]ak areagotu izanaren aukera aintzakotzat hartzeko modukoa da. Hau hala izan bazen, [[mantu]]aren konbekzioa eta [[plaken tektonika]] askoz ere nabariagoa izango zen eta beraz, [[Komatita|komatiten]] antzeko harri igneoen eraketa bideragarria. Bestela esanda, aipatutako harrien existentzia azalduko zuen tenperatura gradienteak areagotu izanak.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Wayback Machine|data=2011-04-30|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430192641/http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~keken/papers/Vlaar_EPSL94.pdf|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=2018-12-06}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+Gaur egun bero ekoizpen handiena duten isotopoak<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Turcotte, Donald|abizena=Lawson,|izenburua=Geodynamics|url=https://www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat.org/oclc/48194722|edizioa=2nd ed|isbn=0521661862|pmc=48194722|sartze-data=2018-12-06}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Isotopoa</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Igorritako beroa<br /><span style=\"font-size: smaller;\">Isotopoa [[Watt]]/kg-ko</span></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Batez besteko bizia<br /><span style=\"font-size: smaller;\">Urtetan</span></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Mantuan dagoen batez besteko kontzentrazioa<br /><span style=\"font-size: smaller;\">Kg isotopo/kg mantuko</span></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Igorritako beroa<br /><span style=\"font-size: smaller;\">Mantuan W/kg</span></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <sup>238</sup>U</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|9,46 \u00d7 10<sup>-5</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|4,47 \u00d7 10<sup>9</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|30,8 \u00d7 10<sup>-9</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|2,91 \u00d7 10<sup>-12</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <sup>235</sup>U</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|5,69 \u00d7 10<sup>-4</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|7,04 \u00d7 10<sup>8</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|0,22 \u00d7 10<sup>-9</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|1,25 \u00d7 10<sup>-13</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <sup>232</sup>Th</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|2,64 \u00d7 10<sup>-5</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|1,40 \u00d7 10<sup>10</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|124 \u00d7 10<sup>-9</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|3,27 \u00d7 10<sup>-12</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <sup>40</sup>K</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|2,92 \u00d7 10<sup>-5</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|1,25 \u00d7 10<sup>9</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|36,9 \u00d7 10<sup>-9</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| {{nowrap|1,08 \u00d7 10<sup>-12</sup>}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren bero-galeraren batez bestekoa 87 mW m<sup>-2</sup>-koa da; hala hala izanda, planetaren bero-galera orokorra 4,42 \u00d7 1013 W-koa da.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=AGU - American Geophysical Union|hizkuntza=en-US|url=https://sites.agu.org/|aldizkaria=AGU|sartze-data=2018-12-06}}</ref> [[Nukleo (geologia)|Nukleoaren]] energia termikoaren zati </ins>batek<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, mantuko lumei esker gainazalerantz ihes egiten du, prozesu edo konbekzio mota hau tenperatura altuetan haitzak azaleratzean datza. Luma hauek puntu beroak eta [[basalto]]zko [[kolada]]k eragin ditzakete.<ref>Richards, M. A.; Duncan, R. A.; Courtillot, V. E. (1989). \u00abFlood Basalts and Hot-Spot Tracks: Plume Heads and Tails\u00bb. ''Science'' (ingelesez) '''246''' (4926): 103-107. <small>Bibcode:1989Sci...246..103R</small>. <small><nowiki>PMID 17837768</nowiki></small>. <small>doi:10.1126/science.246.4926.103</small>.</ref> Lurrak galtzen duen bero gehienak [[Plaken tektonika|plaka tektonikoen]] artetik igaroz edo hauetatik iragazi eta [[Ozeano dortsal|ozeanoko dortsaletan]] dauden mantuaren azaleratzeetatik ihes egiten du. Gainerako galera guztiak [[litosfera]]ren bidez gertatzen dira, batez ere [[ozeano]]etan, bertan lurrazala [[kontinente]]etan baino askoz ere meheagoa baita.<ref>Sclater, John G; Parsons, Barry; Jaupart, Claude (1981). \u00abOceans and Continents: Similarities and Differences in the Mechanisms of Heat Loss\u00bb. ''Journal of Geophysical Research'' (ingelesez) '''86''' (B12): 11535. <small>Bibcode:1981JGR....8611535S</small>. <small>doi:10.1029/JB086iB12p11535</small>.</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Plaken tektonika ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Plaken tektonika}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Plates tect2 eu.png|thumb|Munduko plaka tektonikoen mapa.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Tectonic plate boundaries.png|thumb|Muga </ins>motak <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">adierazten dituen eskema]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Plaken tektonika]]ren teoriaren arabera, Lurraren azala plaka deritzen zenbait zatitan banatuta dago. Plaka horiek [[litosfera]]-zati mugikorrak dira; beraz, [[lurrazal kontinental]]az edota [[lurrazal ozeaniko]]z eta [[mantu]] zati batez osatuta daude, eta 80 </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">150 km bitarteko lodiera dute. Litosfera-zatiak edo plakak, denbora-eskala geologikoan, makurdurarekiko zurruntasunik gabeko fluido [[likatsu]]en gisan jokatzen duen [[astenosfera]]ren gainean mugitzen dira, 1-20 cm/u bitarteko abiadurarekin<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Arturo Apraiz|abizena=Atutxa|izenburua=Plaka-tektonika: Lurraren funtzionamendua ulertzeko teoria|argitaletxea=UEU|hizkuntza=eu|data=2005-12-31|url=https://www.ueu.eus/argitaletxea/liburuak/plaka-tektonika-lurraren-funtzionamendua-ulertzeko-teoria|isbn=9788484380757|sartze-data=2019-01-07}}</ref>. Beraz, plakak esfera baten gaineko estalki</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zati mugikor gisa irudika daitezke. Plaken etengabeko mugimenduen eraginez, esfortzu izugarriak sortzen dira</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta horiek plaken arteko mugetan lurrikara edo prozesu magmatikoen bitartez islatzen den </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">deformazio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a eragiten dute. Deformazioa, batez ere, plaken arteko mugetan pilatzen denez, plakek gorputz zurrun </ins>gisa <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jokatzen dutela onartzen da. Plaken mugimenduaren arabera, hiru muga-mota bereizten dira: [[muga dibergente]]ak, non plakak elkarrengandik urrundu egiten baitira ([[rift]] kontinentalak eta [[ozeano-gandor]]rak); [[muga konbergente]] edo [[subdukzio-eremu]]ak, non plaken hurbilketa-mugimenduaren ondorioz plaka bat bestearen azpitik mantuan barneratzen baita; eta muga kontserbakorrak edo [[faila transformatzaile]]ak, zeinetan plaken mugimendua horizontalki eta norabide berean gertatzen baita litosfera sortu edo deuseztatu gabe<ref name=\"ZT\">{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Apraiz|izena=Arturo|argitaletxea=Elhuyar|izenburua=Plaken tektonika|lana=ZT Hiztegi Berria|url=https://zthiztegia.elhuyar.eus/terminoa/eu/plaken%20tektonika|aldizkaria=zthiztegia.elhuyar.eus|sartze-data=2018-12-16}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Energia</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">- </del>eta [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">entropia</del>]]-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kontsiderazioak beti dira garrantzitsuak ia azterketa kimiko guztietan. Substantzia kimikoak egituraren</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">fasearen </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">konposizio kimikoaren arabera sailkatzen dira</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Analisi kimikoaren tresnak </del>erabiliz <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">azter daitezke</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hala nola </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">espektroskopia</del>]] eta [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kromatografia</del>]]. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ikerketa kimikoan aritzen diren zientzialariei </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimikari</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">deitzen zaie</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimikari gehienak azpi</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">diziplina batean </del>edo <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">batzuetan espezializatzen dira</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Zenbait kontzeptu funtsezkoak dira kimika aztertzeko; hona hemen kontzeptu horietako batzuk:</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Plaken arteko mugak dira lurrazalean aurki daitezkeen eremurik ezegonkorrenak; horietan sortzen dira [[lurrikara]] eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sumendi</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gehienak, </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">muga horietan garatzen dira Lurraren azaleko ezaugarri </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">topografia|topografiko</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">nabarmenenak (ozeano</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gandorrak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ozeanoetako fosak </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mendikateak)</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Prozesu horiek </ins>erabiliz <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">definitu dira lurrazala osatzen duten zazpi plaka nagusiak: [[Pazifikoko plaka|Ozeano Barekoa]]</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ipar Amerikako plaka|Ipar Amerikakoa]], [[Hego Amerikako plaka|Hego Amerikakoa]], [[Eurasiako plaka|Eurasiakoa]], [[Afrikako plaka|Afrikakoa]], [[India-Australiako plaka|India-Australiakoa</ins>]] eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antartikako plaka|Antartikakoa</ins>]]. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Horietaz gain, eskala txikiagoko dozena bat plaka definitzen dira; horien artean ezagunenak Ozeano Barearen ekialdean dauden [[Nazcako plaka|Nazca]] eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Cocosko plaka|Cocos</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">plakak dira<ref name=\"ZT\" /></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Cocos plaka da guztietan mugimendurik azkarrena duena, urtero 75 milimetro mugitzen baita<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Ocean Drilling Program Leg 170 Scientific Results: Chapter 7|url=http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/170_SR/chap_07/chap_07.htm|aldizkaria=www-odp.tamu.edu|sartze-data=2019-01-07}}</ref>. Plakarik geldoena, aldiz, Eurasiar plaka da, 21 milimetrorekin urtean<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=GPS Time Series|url=https://sideshow.jpl.nasa.gov/post/series.html|aldizkaria=sideshow.jpl.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2019-01</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">07}}</ref>. Plaka bat litosfera ozeanikoz soilik egon daiteke eratuta (Ozeano Bareko plaka), </ins>edo <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">litosfera ozeanikoz eta kontinentalaz, baina sekula ez litosfera kontinentalaz soilik<ref name=\"ZT\" /></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Materia </del>===</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>=== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurrazala </ins>===</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{sakontzeko|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Materia</del>}}</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>{{sakontzeko|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Litosfera|Forma geografiko</ins>}}</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimikan, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">materia</del>]] [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">masa inbariante</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">masa atsedenean</del>]] eta [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bolumen (espazioa)</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bolumena</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(espazioa okupatzen du) eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Partikula </del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">fisika</del>)|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">partikulez</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">osatuta dago duen oro </del>da. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Materia osatzen </del>duten <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">partikulek ere masa dute atsedenean; partikula guztiek ez dute masa atsedenean</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">fotoi</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak bezala</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Materia substantzia kimiko hutsa edo substantzien nahasketa izan daiteke</del><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">James</del>|abizena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Armstrong</del>|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">General, organic, and biochemistry </del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">an applied approach</del>|argitaletxea=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Brooks/Cole</del>|data=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2011</del>|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">651906434</del>|isbn=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">978-0-8400-6828-6</del>|pmc=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">651906434</del>|sartze-data=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2023</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">03</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">19</del>}}</ref><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">.</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fitxategi:Earth dry elevation.stl|alt=Urik gabeko Lurra. Altuerak 20 aldiz handiagotuak daude. Klik eginez gero, irudia mugitu daiteke.|thumb|Urik gabeko Lurra. Altuerak 20 aldiz handiagotuak daude. Klik eginez gero, irudia mugitu daiteke.</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Esferoide#Azalera</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">azalera</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">510 milioi km<sup>2</sup> ingurukoa da.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=8(o) Introduction to the Oceans|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html|aldizkaria=www.physicalgeography.net|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref> Honen % 70,8, hau da, 361,13 milioi km<sup>2</sup> itsas mailaren azpitik dago </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">itsas urez estalia dago.<ref name=\":8\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=World \u2014 The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|aldizkaria=www.cia.gov|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref> Ozeanoen azaleraren azpian, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">plataforma kontinental]] gehienak, mendiak, sumendiak,<ref>{{erreferentzia|url=https://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_grav/explore_grav.html|izenburua=Exploring the ocean basins with satellite altimeter data|sartze-data=2018-01-30|egunkaria=|aldizkaria=|abizena=|izena=|egile-lotura=|hizkuntza=</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">formatua=}}</ref> lubaki ozeanikoak, [[urpeko arroil]]ak, [[goi-ordoki</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ozeanikoak, mundu osoa hartzen duten ozeano erdiko mendikateak daude. Gainerako % 29,2a, 148.94 milioi km<sup>2</sup>, ez dago urez estalia. Leku batetik bestera </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erliebe </ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">geografia</ins>)|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erliebea</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oso ezberdina </ins>da <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta mendiak, basamortuak, lautadak, goi-ordokiak eta bestelako [[forma geografiko]]ak aurkitu ditzakegu bertan</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Tektonika]], [[higadura]], [[sumendi-erupzio]]ak, [[uholde]]ak, [[meteorizazio]]a, [[glaziazio]]a, [[koralezko arrezife]]en hazkundea eta [[meteorito]]en eragina dira Lurraren azalera etengabe birmoldatzen </ins>duten <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">prozesuak</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eskala kronoestratigrafiko|denbora geologikoan</ins>]].<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Terrestrial Impact Cratering and Its Environmental Effects|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/kring/epo_web/impact_cratering/intro/|aldizkaria=www.lpi.usra.edu|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref></ins><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Martin, Ronald</ins>|abizena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">E.</ins>|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Earth's evolving systems </ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">the history of planet Earth</ins>|argitaletxea=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Jones & Bartlett Learning</ins>|data=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2013</ins>|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">635476788</ins>|isbn=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">9780763780012</ins>|pmc=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">635476788</ins>|sartze-data=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2019</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">01</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">30</ins>}}</ref></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>==== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomoak </del>====</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurrazal kontinentala dentsitate txikiko materialez osatua dago, esate baterako, [[granito]] igneoak eta [[andesita]]. [[Basalto]]a ez da hain ohikoa urik gabeko lurrazalean, baina dentsitate gutxiago duen arroka bolkaniko hau ozeanoen hondoetako osagai nagusia da.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|abizena</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|urtea</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|izenburua</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Layers of the Earth|argitaletxea</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|orrialdea</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|orrialdeak</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|ISBN</ins>=|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hizkuntza=|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6DnLWg22n?url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/part1.html|aldizkaria=www.webcitation.org|sartze-data=2019-01-30</ins>}}<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></ref> </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Arroka sedimentario]]ak lurperatuta geratu eta [[Diagenesi|elkarrekin trinkotutako]] sedimentuek osatzen dute. Ia kontinenteko azaleraren % 75a arroka sedimentarioek estaltzen dute, nahiz eta lurrazalaren % 5 osatzen duten soilik.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=|abizena=|urtea=|izenburua=Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks|argitaletxea=|orrialdea=|orrialdeak=|ISBN=|hizkuntza=|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5QVXQaCAy?url=http</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">html</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria=www.webcitation.org</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref> Lurrean aurkitutako hirugarren arroka mota </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">arroka metamorfiko</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a da. Mota hau jadanik existitzen diren arroka moten eraldaketaren ondorioz sortutakoa da, presio eta tenperatura altuen eraginez. Lurraren gainazalean </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Silikato|silikatozko mineral</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ugarienak </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kuartzo</ins>]]a<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">feldespato</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">anfibol</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mika (minerala)|mika</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">piroxeno</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">olibino</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a dira.</ins><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">De Pater, Imke,</ins>|abizena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1952-|urtea=</ins>|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Planetary sciences</ins>|argitaletxea=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Cambridge University Press|orrialdea=154|orrialdeak=|ISBN=|hizkuntza=</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">data</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2010</ins>|url=https://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oclc</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">437299197|edizioa=2nd ed|isbn=9780521853712</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pmc</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">437299197</ins>|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref> <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Karbonatozko mineral arruntak </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kaltzita</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kareharri</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">an aurkitzen dena) </ins>eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">dolomita</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">dira</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Wenk, Hans-Rudolf,|abizena=1941-|urtea=|izenburua=Minerals : their constitution and origin|argitaletxea=Cambridge University Press|orrialdea=359|orrialdeak=|ISBN=|hizkuntza=|data=2004</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">url=https://www.worldcat</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/oclc/50511051|isbn=0521822386|pmc=50511051|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomo</del>}}</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fitxategi</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schmatic-en</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">svg</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">thumb</del>|[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hidrogeno</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aren hiru </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">isotopo]]en eskema.</del>]]</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomo</del>]]a <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(</del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Greziera|grezieratik</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">: \u1f04\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''atomos'', \u00abzatiezina\u00bb) </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">protoi</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">neutroi</del>]] [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomo nukleo|nukleo</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">batez osatutako partikula bat da, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elektroi</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hodei batez inguratua</del><ref <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">name=\"ZTH: atomo\"</del>>{{Erreferentzia|izena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antton</del>|abizena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gurrutxaga</del>|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atomo</del>|argitaletxea=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Elhuyar Fundazioa</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egile-lotura</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antton Gurrutxaga</del>|url=https://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zthiztegia</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elhuyar</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eus</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">terminoa</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eu/atomo</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Zientzia eta Teknologien Hiztegi Entziklopedikoa</del>|sartze-data=2019-01-30<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|</del>}}</ref><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">. Atomoa </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Elementu kimiko|elementu kimikoen</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oinarrizko partikula da, eta elementu kimikoak euren atomoetan dagoen protoi kopuruaren arabera bereizten dira. Adibidez, 11 protoi dituen edozein atomo </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sodio|sodioa</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">da, </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">29 protoi dituen edozein atomo </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kobre|kobrea</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">da</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Neutroi kopuruak elementuaren [[Isotopo</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">isotopoa]] definitzen du</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomoak oso txikiak dira, 100 bat </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Pikometro|pikometroko</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">diametrokoak normalean. Giza ile batek milioi bat </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">karbono</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atomo inguru neurtzen ditu</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hau txikiagoa </del>da <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ikusten den [[Argi</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">argiaren]] [[Uhin luzera</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">uhin luzerarik]] laburrena baino, eta horrek esan nahi du gizakiek ezin dituztela atomoak [[mikroskopio]] konbentzionalekin ikusi</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomoak hain dira txikiak, ezen ezin baita zehatz aurreikusi haien portaera [[Fisika klasiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">fisika klasikoa]] erabiliz, [[Mekanika kuantiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">efektu kuantikoak]] direla eta.</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren azaleraren altuera </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Itsaso Hila</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ren -418 metroetatik (lurreko puntu baxuena), </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Everest</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mendiko 8.848 metroetara doa, hau delarik munduko punturik altuena</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Itsas mailaren gainetik dagoen lurraren batez besteko altuera 797 metrokoa </ins>da<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=National Geophysical Data|abizena=Center|izenburua=Hypsographic Curve of Earth's Surface from ETOPO1</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hizkuntza=EN-US</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">url=https://ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo1_surface_histogram</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">html</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria=ngdc.noaa.gov</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomo baten </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Masa|masaren</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">% 99,94 baino gehiago nukleoan dago. Protoiek </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">karga elektriko</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">positiboa dute, elektroiek karga elektriko negatiboa </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">neutroiek ez dute karga elektrikorik</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Protoi eta elektroi kopurua berdina bada</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atomoa elektrikoki neutroa </del>da. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomo batek protoiak baino elektroi gehiago edo gutxiago baditu</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">orduan karga negatiboa edo positiboa du</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hurrenez hurren, atomo horiei [[ioi]] deitzen zaie</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Pedosfera</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lurrazal kontinentalaren kanpoaldeko geruza da eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lurzoru</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lurzoruaren eraketa prozesuetan oinarritzen da</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Landatu daitekeen lurrazala lurrazal lehorraren % 10</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">9a </ins>da<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, % 1,3 laborantza izanik iraunkorki.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Arable land (% of land area) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS|aldizkaria=data.worldbank.org|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Permanent cropland (% of land area) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.CROP.ZS|aldizkaria=data.worldbank.org|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref> Lurrazal lehorraren % 40 inguru nekazaritzan erabiltzen da: 16</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">7 miloi km<sup>2</sup> laborantzan eta eta 33</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">5 milioi km<sup>2</sup> larreetan.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Roger LeB.|abizena=Hooke|izenburua=Land transformation by humans: A review|orrialdeak=4\u201310|abizena2=Mart\u00edn-Duque|izena2=Jos\u00e9 F.|data=2012-12-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAT151A.1|aldizkaria=GSA Today|alea=12|zenbakia=12|issn=1052-5173|doi=10.1130/gsat151a</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomo baten elektroiak </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Indar elektromagnetiko|indar elektromagnetikoak</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erakartzen ditu nukleo atomikoaren protoiek</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Nukleoaren protoiak eta neutroiak </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Indar nuklear|indar nuklearrak</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erakartzen ditu</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Indar hau indar elektromagnetikoa baino indartsuagoa izaten </del>da<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, elkarren artean positiboki kargatutako protoiak uxatzen dituena. Egoera jakin batzuetan, aldaratzeko indar elektromagnetikoa indar nuklearra baino handiagoa </del>da. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kasu honetan</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fisio nuklear|nukleoa zatitu</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egiten da </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atzean </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Transmutazio</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hainbat elementu uzten ditu</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">. </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Desintegrazio erradioaktibo|Desintegrazio nuklearreko</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">modu bat da</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Hidrosfera ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Hidrosfera}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren azalera handiena </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ur</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak hartzen du. Esan genezake, Lurraren azalerako 4 zatitik 3 ura direla</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ur masa guzti horri ''</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hidrosfera</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'' deritzo, eta ur gaziz eta ur gezaz osaturik dago</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Baina ur gazi eta gezaren arteko banaketa ez </ins>da <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">orekatua: ur guztitik % 94 ur gazia da eta % 6 bakarrik </ins>da <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ur geza</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ura izotz forman egon daiteke (solidoa)</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">glaziar</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">retan </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izotz-kaskoetan gertatzen den bezala, likidoa [[itsaso]]etan, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aintzira</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lakuetan</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ibai</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">etan eta abarretan</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomoak atomo batekin edo batzuekin batu daitezke </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lotura kimiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lotura kimikoen</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bidez</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Molekula</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">molekulak</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edo </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kristal|kristalak</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bezalako </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konposatu kimiko|konposatu kimikoak</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sortzeko</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomoek elkartzeko </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bereizteko duten gaitasuna </del>da <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">naturan ikusitako aldaketa fisiko gehienen erantzulea</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Atmosfera ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Lurraren atmosfera}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fitxategi:MODIS Map.jpg|alt=Lurraren hodeitza erakusten duen argazkia, NASAko Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer tresna erabiliz aterata.|thumb</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren [[hodeitza</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erakusten duen argazkia</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">NASA]]ko ''Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer'' tresna erabiliz aterata.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren [[itsas maila]]ko [[presio atmosferiko]]a 101,325 kPa edo 14,696 psi-koa da batezbesteko<ref name=\":4\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=Katie Lorentz :|abizena=LaRC|izenburua=NASA - Meteorology: An Educator's Resource for Inquiry-Based Learning for Grades 5-9|hizkuntza=en|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/science/met-guide.html|aldizkaria=www.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref>, eta 8,5 km-ko altuera du<ref name=\":5\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Earth Fact Sheet|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref>. Atmosfera lehor batean, osaera honakoa da: % 78,084 [[nitrogeno]]a, % 20,946 [[oxigeno</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a, % 0,934 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">argon</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">karbono dioxido</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta beste gas molekulen kopuru txikia</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\":4\" /> [[Ur lurrun]]aren edukia % 0,01 </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">% 4 artean dago<ref name=\":4\" />, baina bataz beste % 1 inguru da<ref name=\":5\" />. [[Troposfera]]ren altuera latitudearekin aldatzen </ins>da<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">: poloetan 8 kilometrokoa da, ekuatorean 17 km-tara iristen delarik</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguraldiaren eta urtaroko faktoreen arabera aldakuntza batzuk jasaten ditu.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=The height of the tropopause|url=http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/tropo.html|aldizkaria=www-das.uwyo.edu|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Elementuak ====</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">biosfera</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">k bere </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren atmosfera</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atmosfera]] nabarmenki aldatu du</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fotosintesi oxigeniko</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aren ondorioz, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oxigenazio Handia</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">duela 2,7 miloi urte sortzen hasi</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zena</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gaur egun nitrogeno-oxigenoz osatuta dugun atmosfera osatuz joan zen.<ref name=\":3\" /> Aldaketa horrek </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Aerobio</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">organismo aerobikoen</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ugaritzea ahalbidetu zuen</ins>, eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">era ez zuzenean</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[ozono geruza]]ren eraketa</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ozono-oxigeno zikloa</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">O<sub>2</sub> atmosferiko hori O<sub>3</sub>an bihurtzen]] joan baitzen. Ozono geruzak [[eguzki-erradiazio</ins>]] [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ultramore</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aren oztopatzen du</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurrean bizitza ahalbidetuz.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Causes and environmental implications of increased UV-B radiation|argitaletxea=Royal Society of Chemistry|data=2000|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50745501|isbn=1591244269|pmc=50745501|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref> Bizitzarentzat garrantzitsuak diren </ins>beste <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">funtzio atmosferikoak ur lurruna garraiatzea, gas erabilgarriak eskaintzea</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Meteoro (astronomia)</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">meteoro</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">txikiek azalera kolpatu aurretik erretzea eta tenperatura leuntzea lirateke.<ref name=\":7\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=Jeremy|abizena=Raper/MSFC|izenburua=NASA - Redirect Page|hizkuntza=en|url=https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html|aldizkaria=www.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref> Azken fenomeno hau [[berotegi-efektua]] bezala ezagutzen da: atmosferan dauden molekulek lurretik igortzen den </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">energia termiko</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a harrapatzen dute</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ondorioz batez besteko tenperatura igoz</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ur lurruna, karbono dioxidoa</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[metano]]a</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oxido nitroso</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a eta ozonoa </ins>dira <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">berotegi-efektua sortzen duten </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Berotegi-efektuko gas</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gas nagusiak</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">. Beroaren atxikipen-efektu hori gabe</ins>, batez <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">besteko tenperatura -18&nbsp;\u00b0C izango litzateke</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oraingo +15&nbsp;\u00b0C-en aldean<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=7</ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">h</ins>) <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Greenhouse Effect|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7h.html|aldizkaria=www.physicalgeography.net|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref></ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta ziurrenik Lurreko bizitza ez litzateke gaur egungo forman existituko.</ins><ref>{{<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreferentzia</ins>|izena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gaan,</ins>|abizena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Narottam.</ins>|urtea=|izenburua<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=Climate change and international politics|argitaletxea=Kalpaz|orrialdea=40|orrialdeak=|ISBN=|hizkuntza=|data=2008|url</ins>=https://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oclc</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">213457663|isbn=9788178356419|pmc=213457663|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref> 2017ko maiatzean, argi distira batzuk, milioika kilometrotara zegoen satelite batetik ikusi zituztenak, atmosferako izotz kristalek islatutako argia zela aurkitu zuten.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Nicholas St|abizena=Fleur|izenburua=Spotting Mysterious Twinkles on Earth From a Million Miles Away|hizkuntza=en-US|data=2017-05-19|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/science/dscovr-satellite-ice-glints-earth-atmosphere.html|aldizkaria=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|sartze-data=2019-01-30</ins>}}</ref><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Alexander|abizena=Marshak|izenburua=Terrestrial glint seen from deep space: Oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point|orrialdeak=5197\u20135202|abizena2=V\u00e1rnai|abizena3=Kostinski|izena2=Tam\u00e1s.|izena3=Alexander|data=2017-05-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.5197M|aldizkaria=Geophysical Research Letters|zenbakia=44|issn=0094-8276|doi=10</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1002/2017GL073248|sartze-data=2019-01-30}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fitxategi:Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg|thumb|440x440px|Elementu kimikoen taula periodikoa</del>]]</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomo-mota bakar batez osaturiko substantziari deritzo </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Elementu kimiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''elementu kimiko''</del>.]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Elementu bat osatzen duten atomoek Z </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomo-zenbaki</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zenbaki atomiko</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bera, hau da</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Protoi</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">protoi-kopuru</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bera, dute. Gaur egun, 118 elementu ezagunak dira</del>, eta, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">multzo horretan, elementu oso ezagunak</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Karbono</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">karbonoa</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">burdina</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta zilarra adibidez</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta </del>beste <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ezohikoago batzuk</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">esaterako </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lutezio</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lutezioa</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edo </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Tulio|tulioa</del>]], <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">daude</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Elementu horietako 90ek jatorri naturala dute; beste guztiak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldiz</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Partikula-azeleragailu|partikula-azeleratzaileen</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bidez lortzen </del>dira<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">. Elementu guztiak </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Taula periodikoa</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">taula periodikoan</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">biltzen dira</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zenbaki atomikoaren arabera ordenatuta. Elementu bakoitzari izen bat eta letra </del>batez <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edo biz osaturiko ikur bat dagozkio. Aspalditik ezagunak diren elementuei latinetik datorkie ikurra</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hala nola Fe </del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''ferrum''</del>), <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Pb (''plumbum''), Na (''natrium'')</del><ref>{{<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erreferentzia</del>|izena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Maite</del>|abizena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Insausti</del>|urtea=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Elementu</del>|izenburua=https://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zthiztegia</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elhuyar</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eus</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">terminoa</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eu</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elementu</del>}}</ref>. \u00a0</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimika klasikoan, elementu deitzen zitzaion substanzia sinpleagoetan deskonposatu ezin zen substantzia orori, eta esanahi hau oraindik ere erabiltzen da.</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>==== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguraldia eta klima </ins>====</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>==== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konposatuak </del>====</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>{{sakontzeko|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Meteorologia|Eguraldi|Klima</ins>}}</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{sakontzeko|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konposatu kimiko</del>}}</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>{{<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">irudi sorta</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Konposatu kimiko|Konposatu]] bat elementu batek baino gehiagok osatzen duten substantzia kimiko hutsa da. Konposatu baten propietateek bere elementuenekin antz gutxi dute<ref></del>{{<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreferentzia</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izenburua</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Chemistry3 : introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">argitaletxea</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oxford University Press</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">data</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2009</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">url</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https://www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat.org/oclc/251213960</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">isbn</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">978-0-19-927789-6</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pmc</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">251213960</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze-data</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2023-03-30}}</ref>. Kimika Puru eta Aplikatuaren Nazioarteko Batasunak (</del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">IUPAC</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">) ezartzen du konposatuen nomenklatura estandarra. </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konposatu organiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konposatu organikoei</del>]] [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konposatu organikoen nomenklatura|nomenklatura organikoaren sistemaren</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">arabera deitzen zaie<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=IUPAC Blue Book {{!</del>}} <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Nomenclature for Organic Chemistry|hizkuntza=en</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">US|url=https://www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">acdlabs</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">com/resources/iupac-blue-book/|aldizkaria=ACD/Labs|sartze-data=2023-03-30}}</ref></del>. [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konposatu inorganiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konposatu inorganikoen</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izenak [[Konposatu inorganikoen nomenklatura|nomenklatura inorganikoaren sistemaren]] arabera sortzen dira. Konposatu batek osagai bat baino gehiago dituenean</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bi motatan banatzen dira: [[osagai elektropositibo]]ak </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[osagai elektronegatibo]]ak</del><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry. IUPAC recommendations 2005|argitaletxea=Royal Society of Chemistry</del>|data=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2005</del>|url=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oclc</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">60838140</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">isbn</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">978-0-85404-438-2|pmc=60838140</del>|sartze-data=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2023</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">03</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">30</del>}}</ref><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">. Gainera, [[Chemical Abstracts Service]]k substantzia kimikoak indexatzeko metodo bat asmatu du. Sistema horretan, substantzia kimiko bakoitza [[CAS erregistro-zenbaki]] baten bidez identifikatzen da.</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>| <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">align </ins>= <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">right</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>| <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">direction </ins>= <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">vertical</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>| <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">width </ins>= <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">220</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>| <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">irudi1 </ins>= <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Felix from ISS 03 sept 2007 1138Z</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jpg</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>| <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">irudi1_cap </ins>= <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Felix zikloi tropikala, 2007</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>| <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">irudi2 </ins>= <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Pressure ridges Scott Base lrg.jpg</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>| <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">irudi2_cap </ins>= <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hodei lentikularra </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antartika</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ko </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Discovery (mendia)</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Discovery</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mendian</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| irudi3 = 3D-Clouds.jpg</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| irudi3_cap = Hodei handiak </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mojave</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ko basamortuan, 2016</ins>}}</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren atmosferak ez du muga zehatzik, poliki-poliki meheagoa bihurtuz eta kanpoko espazioarekin bat eginez doa. Atmosferaren masaren hiru laurden azaleraren lehen 11 km</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">etan dago. Beheko geruza honi troposfera deitzen zaio</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguzkiaren energiak geruza hau eta azpiko gainazala berotzen du, airearen hedapena eraginez</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dentsitate baxuagoko aire hau igo egiten da orduan eta dentsitate handiagoko aire freskoagoak ordezten du</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mugimendu hauen emaitza da </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mundu mailako haize-sistemak</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atmosferako zirkulazioa</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">da</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eguraldia </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">klima eragiten dituena energia termikoaren birbanaketa bidez.</ins><ref <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">name=\":13\"</ins>>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">NASA - Weather</ins>|data=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2007-03-18</ins>|url=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">http://web.archive.org/web/20070318011240/http</ins>://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">nasa</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gov</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldbook</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">weather_worldbook.html</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web.archive.org</ins>|sartze-data=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2019</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">04</ins>}}</ref></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Molekulak ====</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atmosferako zirkulazio-banda nagusiak 30\u00ba-ko latitudearen azpitik dauden ekuatore eskualdeko haize [[alisio]]ak eta 30\u00ba eta 60\u00ba arteko latitudearen erdialdeko [[mendebaldeko haize]]ak dira<ref name</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\":6\"></ins>{{<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreferentzia|izenburua=Climate Change 1 Syllabus</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">url=http</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/cc1syllabus</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">shtml</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria=earthguide.ucsd.edu</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref></ins>. [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Itsaslaster</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">rak klima zehazteko faktore garrantzitsuak dira</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">batez ere</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ekuatoreko itsasoetatik poloetako eskualdeetara energia termikoa banatzen duen zirkulazio termo-halinoa<ref name=\"#1\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Thermohaline Circulation - Fact Sheet by Stefan Rahmstorf|url=http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/thc_fact_sheet.html|aldizkaria=www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pik-potsdam</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">de|sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sakontzeko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Molekula}}</del></div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Caffeine (1) 3D ball</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">png</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">thumb</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Kafeina]] molekularen errepresentazioa</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">]]</del></div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Molekula</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">substantzia kimiko puru baten parte zatiezin txikiena da</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">propietate kimikoen multzo bakarra duena</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hau da, beste substantzia batzuekiko [[erreakzio kimiko]]en multzo jakin bat izateko potentziala duena</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hala ere, definizio honek molekulez osatutako substantzietarako bakarrik balio du, eta hori ez da gertatzen substantzia askorekin (ikus aurrerago)</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Molekulak [[lotura kobalente]]en bidez lotutako atomo multzo bat izaten dira, eta egitura elektrikoki neutroa izaten da, eta balentziako elektroi guztiak beste elektroi batzuekin parekatuta egoten dira, bai loturetan, bai [[pare bakarti]]etan</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Beraz</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">molekulak elektrikoki neutroak diren unitate </del>gisa <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">existitzen dira, ioiak ez bezala. Erregela hori hausten denean, </del>\"<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">molekulari</del>\" <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">karga bat emanez, emaitzari [[ioi molekular]]ra edo ioi poliatomikoa esaten zaio batzuetan</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hala ere</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">molekula-kontzeptuaren izaera diskretu </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bereiziak, ioi molekularrak ongi bereizirik egotea eskatzen du, masa-espektrometro baten hutsean zuzendutako sorta bat bezala</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Solidoetan bizi diren multzo poliatomiko kargatuak (adibidez, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ioi sulfato</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak edo [[nitra]]to arruntak) ez dira \"molekulatzat\" hartzen kimikan. Molekula batzuek aparkatu gabeko elektroi bat edo gehiago dituzte</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erradikalak sortuz</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erradikal gehienak erreaktiboak </del>dira <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">konparatiboki</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baina batzuk</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[oxido nitriko]]a (NO) adibidez, egonkorrak izan daitezke</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gainazalaren lurrunketa bidez sortzen den ur-lurruna zirkulazio patroiek garraiatzen dute atmosferara. Atmosferako baldintzek aire bero eta heze hau gora igotzea baimentzen dutenean</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ura kondentsatu egiten da eta prezipitazio </ins>gisa <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erortzen da lurrazalera<ref name=</ins>\"<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">:13</ins>\" <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ondoren</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ur gehiena ibai sistemen bidez altura txikiagoetara garraiatzen da </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">normalean ozeanoetara itzultzen da edo aintziretara doa</ins>. [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Uraren zikloa|Uraren ziklo</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hau funtsezko mekanismoa da bizitza babesteko eta azaleko egituren erosio faktore nagusia da</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">garai geologikoen denboran</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Prezipitazioen ereduak oso aldakorra </ins>dira, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">urtero metro batzuetatik milimetro bat baino gutxiagoko prezipitazioetara. Atmosferako zirkulazioak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ezaugarri topografikoek eta tenperatura desberdintasunak eskualde bakoitzeko batez besteko prezipitazioa zehazten dute</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"#1\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Elementu \"geldoak\" edo [[gas noble]]ak ([[helio]]a</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[neon]]a</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[argon]]a</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[kripton]]a</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[xenon]]a eta [[radon]]a) atomo bakartiz osatuta daude</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unitate diskretu txikiago gisa, baina gainerako elementu kimiko isolatuak molekulez edo atomo</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sarez osatuta daude, nolabait elkarri lotuta</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Molekula identifikagarriek familiako substantziak osatzen dituzte, hala nola </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ur</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a, airea eta konposatu organiko asko, hala nola </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">alkohol</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">azukre</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gasolina</del>]] eta [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">farmako</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">produktu farmazeutikoak</del>]].</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren azalera iristen den eguzki-energia kopurua gutxitzen doa latitudea handitzen den heinean. Latituderik altuenetan</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eguzki-argia angelu baxuetan iristen da lurrazalera</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta atmosferako zutabe lodiagoak igaro behar ditu. Ondorioz</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">airearen urte osoko bataz besteko tenperatura 0</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">4\u00ba C jaisten da ekuatoretik latitude gradu bat aldentzen den bakoitzean.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Life</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">the science of biology|argitaletxea=Sinauer Associates|data=2008|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71632224|orrialdea=1114|edizioa=8th ed|isbn=9780716776710|pmc=71632224|sartze-data=2019-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">04}}</ref> Lurraren azalera klima ia homogeneoetako latitude gerriko espezifikoetan banatu daiteke</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ekuatoretik poloko lurraldeetara </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">klima tropikal</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak (edo </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Klima ekuatorial|ekuatorialak</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">)</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">klima subtropikal</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Klima epel|epelak</ins>]] eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Klima polar</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">polarrak</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aurki ditzakegu<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Climate Zones|data=2010-08-08|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808131632/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Climate_Zones.html|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hala ere, substantzia edo konposatu kimiko guztiak ez daude molekula diskretuz osatuta, eta, hain zuzen ere, [[Litosfera|Lurraren azala]], [[Mantu|mantua]] eta [[Nukleo (geologia)|nukleoa]] osatzen duten substantzia solido gehienak molekularik gabeko konposatu kimikoak dira. Beste substantzia mota horiek, hala nola konposatu ionikoak eta sareko solidoak, ''per se'' identifika daitezkeen molekularik ez izateko moduan antolatuta daude. Horren ordez, substantzia horiek formula-unitateen edo gelaxka unitarioen arabera aztertzen dira, substantziaren barruko egitura errepikakor txikiena bezala. Substantzia horien adibide dira [[gatz mineral]]ak (mahaiko gatza, esaterako), karbonoa eta [[diamante]]a bezalako solidoak, metalak eta [[silikato]] gisa ezagutzen diren mineralak, [[kuartzo]]a eta [[granito]]a, esaterako.</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Latitudearen arau honek hainbat anomalia ditu:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Molekula baten ezaugarri nagusietako bat geometria da, askotan egitura esaten zaiona. Molekula diatomiko, triatomiko edo tetraatomikoen egitura tribiala izan daitekeen bitartean (lineala, piramidal angeluarra, etab</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">)</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">molekula poliatomikoen egitura</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sei atomoz </del>baino <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gehiagoz osatuak (hainbat elementuz osatuak), erabakigarria izan daiteke beren izaera kimikorako</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Ozeanoaren hurbiltasunak klima epeltzen du</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Adibidez</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Eskandinaviar penintsula]]k klima moderatuagoa du</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">antzeko latitudean dauden [[Kanada]]ko iparraldeko zonaldeak </ins>baino.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Molak eta substantzia kantitatea ====</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Haize</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak moderazio efektu hau gaitzen du. Haizeak gehien jotzen </ins>duen <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lurraren aldeak klima epelagoa izaten du haizeak gutxien jotzen duenak baino</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ipar hemisferioan</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">haizea nagusiki mendebaldetik ekialdera joan ohi da </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mendebaldeko kostaldeek ekialdeko kostaldeek baino klima leunagoa izaten dute. Hau </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ipar Amerika</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ko ekialdean eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mendebaldeko Europa</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">n ikusten </ins>da, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">non ekialdeko kostaldeek klima kontinental gogorrak izaten dituzten paralelo berdinean dauden ozeanoaren beste aldeko klimekin alderatuta.</ins><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Live Science Staff {{!}}</ins>|abizena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">April 5</ins>|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Why U.S. East Coast Is Colder Than Europe's West Coast</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">abizena2</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ET</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izena2</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2011 03:52pm</ins>|url=https://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">livescience</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">com</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">13573-east-coast</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">colder</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">europe</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">west</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">coast.html</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Live Science</ins>|sartze-data=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2019</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">04</ins>}}</ref> <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hegoaldeko hemisferioan, haize esanguratsuena ekialdetik mendebalderakoa da, eta ekialdeko kostaldeak leunagoak dira</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mol|Mola</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[substantzia kantitate]] bat adierazten </del>duen <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unitate bat da (kantitate kimikoa ere esaten zaio)</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mol batek zehazki 6,02214076 \u00d7 10<sup>23</sup> partikula ditu (atomoak, molekulak, ioiak edo elektroiak)</del>, eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mol bakoitzeko partikula kopuruari </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Avogadroren konstantea</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">deritzo. </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kontzentrazio molar</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ra disoluzio-bolumen bakoitzeko substantzia jakin baten kantitatea </del>da, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta mol/dm<sup>3</sup>-tan adierazi ohi da</del><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">P. W.</del>|abizena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atkins</del>|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Elements of physical chemistry</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">argitaletxea</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oxford University Press</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">data</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2009</del>|url=https://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oclc/260204573|edizioa=5th ed|isbn=978</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">4292</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1813</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">9</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pmc</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">260204573</del>|sartze-data=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2023</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">03</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">30</del>}}</ref>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Faseak ===</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Lurretik Eguzkira dagoen distantzia aldatu egiten da. Lurra Eguzkitik hurbilen </ins>([[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">perihelio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">an) urtarrilean egoten da</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hegoaldeko hemisferioan uda denean. Uztailean (</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">afelio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">an) urrunen dago, ipar hemisferioan uda denean</ins>. Kasu <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">honetan</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lurrazaleko karratu batek perihelioan jasotzen duen eguzki erradiazioaren % 93,55a bakarrik jasotzen du. Hala eta guztiz </ins>ere, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lur-masa handiak daude ipar hemisferioan, itsasoak baino berotzeko errazagoak direnak. Ondorioz, udak 2.3 \u00b0 C beroagoak </ins>dira <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ipar hemisferioan hego hemisferioan baino, antzeko baldintzetan.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Earth at Aphelion|url=http://spaceweather.com/glossary/aphelion.html|aldizkaria=spaceweather</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">com|sartze-data=2019-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">04}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Fase </del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">termodinamika)}}</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Klima hotzagoa </ins>da <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">altuera handituz doan heinean</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aire</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">dentsitate txikiagoa dela eta</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fitxategi:11. \u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0438\u0435\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442.ogv|thumb|Esperimentu honetan ikus daiteke nola lurruntze tenperatura presioaren eraginez ere aldatu daitekeen, eta ez soilik tenperatura aldaketagatik.</del>]]</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sailkapen kimikoak bereizten dituzten propietate kimiko espezifikoez gain</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">substantzia kimikoak hainbat </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fase (termodinamika)|fasetan</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egon daitezke</del>. Kasu <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gehienetan</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sailkapen kimikoek ez dute loturarik faseen sailkapen horiekin; hala </del>ere, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">fase exotikoago batzuk bateraezinak </del>dira <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">propietate kimiko jakin batzuekin</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fase bat sistema kimiko baten egoera</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">multzo bat </del>da, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egitura</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">propietate antzekoak dituena zenbait baldintzatan, hala nola [[presio]]an edo [[tenperatura]]n</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Propietate fisikoek</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hala nola </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dentsitate (fisika)</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">dentsitateak</del>]] eta [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">errefrakzio-indize</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">fasearen balio bereizgarrietan kokatzeko joera dute</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Materiaren fasea </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">fase-trantsizio</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak definitzen du. Trantsizio hori sortzen da sisteman sartzen edo sistematik ateratzen den energia sistemaren egitura berrantolatzeko erabiltzen denean, baldintza orokorrak aldatu beharrean</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Normalean erabiltzen den [[K\u00f6ppen klima sailkapena|K\u00f6ppen klima sailkapen]] sistemak bost talde zabal ditu ([[Tropiko|tropiko hezeak]]</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Basamortuko klima|aridoak]], [[Klima epel|erdiko latitude hezeak]], [[Klima kontinental</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kontinentala</ins>]] eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Klima polar|polar hotza</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">)</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gero azpi-mota zehatzagoetan banatzen direlarik</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\":6\" /> K\u00f6ppen sistemak lurralde zonaldeak sailkatzen ditu, behatutako [[tenperatura]] eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Prezipitazio (meteorologia)|prezipitazioetan</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oinarrituta</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Batzuetan</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">faseen arteko bereizketa etengabea </del>izan <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">daiteke</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">muga diskretu bat izan beharrean. Kasu honetan materia </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egoera superkritiko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">an dagoela esaten </del>da<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">. Hiru egoera baldintzen arabera daudenean</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">puntu hirukoitz</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a esaten zaio</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldaezina denez</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baldintza multzo bat definitzeko modu egokia </del>da.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurrean neurtutako aire tenperatura altuena 56</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">7 \u00b0 C </ins>izan <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zen, [[Furnace Creek (Kalifornia)|Furnace Creeken]], [[Kalifornia]]n</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Heriotzaren harana|Heriotzaren Haranean</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1913an.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Highest recorded temperature|hizkuntza=en-GB|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-recorded-temperature/|aldizkaria=Guinness World Records|sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref> Lurrean zuzenean neurtutako aire tenperatura baxuena -89.2 \u00b0 C izan </ins>da, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Vostok estazioa</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">n 1983an.<ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Lyons</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Walter A. (Walter Andrew), 1943-|izenburua=The handy weather answer book|argitaletxea=Visible Ink Press|data=1997|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35145786|isbn=0787610348|pmc=35145786|sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref> Hala ere, sateliteek teledetekzioa erabiliz \u221294</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">7 \u00b0 C neurtu dituzte</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Ekialdeko Antartika]]n<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Associated|abizena=Press|izenburua=Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica: -94.7C (-135.8F)|hizkuntza=en-GB|data=2013-12-10|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/coldest-temperature-recorded-earth-antarctica-guinness-book|aldizkaria=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref>. Tenperatura erregistro hauek XX. mendeko tresna modernoekin egindako neurketak baino ez dira eta litekeena </ins>da <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren tenperatura-gama osoa ez islatzea</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Faseen adibiderik ohikoenak </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">solido</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">likido</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak </del>eta [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gas</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak dira</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Substantzia askok fase solido ugari dituzte</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Adibidez</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">burdina</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">solidoaren hiru fase daude (alfa</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gamma </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delta)</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">tenperaturaren eta presioaren arabera aldatzen direnak. Fase solidoen arteko desberdintasun nagusietako bat atomoen egitura kristalinoa edo antolamendua </del>da. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimikaren azterketan aurkitu ohi den beste fase bat fase urtsua da</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hau da</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">uretako disoluzio</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">batean (hau </del>da, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">uretan) disolbatutako substantzien egoera</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Goi-atmosfera ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Kanpo-espazio}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fitxategi:Full moon partially obscured by atmosphere.jpg|alt=Ilargi osoa, Lurraren atmosferaren eraginez pixka bat ilundua|thumb|Ilargi osoa, Lurraren atmosferaren eraginez pixka bat ilundua]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Troposfera</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ren gainetik</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atmosfera normalean </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">estratosfera]]n, [[Mesosfera (atmosfera)|mesosferan</ins>]] eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">termosfera</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">n banatzen da<ref name=\":7\" /></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Geruza bakoitzak gradiente [[adiabatiko]] desberdina du, altueraren arabera tenperaturaren aldaketa-tasa definitzen duena</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Horietatik haratago</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">exosfera]</ins>] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[magnetosfera</ins>]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">]n desagertzen da, non eremu geomagnetikoak [[eguzki haize]]arekin elkar eragiten duen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=ScienceWeek|data=2007-07-13|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713053611/http://scienceweek.com/2004/rmps-23.htm|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref>. Estratosferaren barruan ozono geruza dago</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lurrazala argi ultramoretik partzialki babesten duena </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">beraz</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurreko bizitzarentzat garrantzitsua </ins>da. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[K\u00e1rm\u00e1nen lerroa]]</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">definizioz Lurraren gainazaletik 100 kilometrora dagoena</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atmosferaren eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kanpo-espazio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aren arteko muga izendatu bat </ins>da, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lan egiteko balio duena<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=FAI Astronautic Records Commission - 100 km. ALTITUDE BOUNDARY FOR ASTRONAUTICS|data=2007-06-08|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608073625/http://www.fai.org/astronautics/100km.asp|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hain ezagunak ez diren beste fase batzuk hauek dira: </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Plasma (fisika)|plasmak</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bose-Einsteinen kondentsatu</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kondentsatu fermioniko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bai </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">material magnetikoen fase [[Paramagnetismo</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">paramagnetikoak]] </del>eta [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ferromagnetismo|ferromagnetikoak</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ere</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ezagutzen diren fase gehienak sistema tridimentsionalei buruzkoak badira ere</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sistema bidimentsionaletan analogoak defini daitezke</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta horrek arreta jaso du biologiako sistemetarako duten garrantziagatik</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Energia termikoak atmosferako kanpoaldeko ertzean dauden molekula batzuen abiadura handitzen du, eta uneren batean Lurraren grabitatetik ihes egin dezakete. Horrek atmosfera espazioan, era geldo baina egonkorrean, galtzen doala esan nahi du. Finkatu gabeko </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hidrogeno</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">masa molekular</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">txikia duenez, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ihes-abiadura</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">errazago lor dezake</ins>, eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">beste gas batzuek baino tasa altuagoan doa kanpo espaziora<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=S. C.|abizena=Liu|izenburua=The Aeronomy of Hydrogen in the Atmosphere of the Earth.|orrialdeak=1118\u20131136|abizena2=Donahue|izena2=T. M.|data=1974-05-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JAtS...31.1118L|aldizkaria=Journal of Atmospheric Sciences|zenbakia=31|issn=0022-4928|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1974)0312.0.CO;2</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref>. Espazioan hidrogenoa isurtzeak Lurraren atmosfera </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">azalera aldatzen laguntzen du hasierako murriztapen egoera batetik, gaur egungo oxidazio egoerara. Fotosintesia oxigeno iturria da, baina </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erredukzio</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">agenteen, hala nola hidrogenoaren, galera ezinbesteko baldintza izan zen atmosferan oxigeno metaketa zabala izateko<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=David C.|abizena=Catling|izenburua=Biogenic Methane, Hydrogen Escape, and the Irreversible Oxidation of Early Earth|orrialdeak=839\u2013843|abizena2=Zahnle|abizena3=McKay|izena2=Kevin J.|izena3=Christopher P.|data=2001-08-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...293..839C|aldizkaria=Science|zenbakia=293|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.1061976|sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Horregatik</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hidrogenoaren atmosferatik ateratzeko gaitasunak eragina izan zezakeen Lurrean garatu den bizitzaren izaeran<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=History of Earth|data=2007-04-01|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070401134513/http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1010.htm|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref>. Gaur egungo oxigenoz aberatsen den atmosferan, hidrogenoa ura bihurtzen da ihes egiteko aukera izan aurretik. Horren ordez</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hidrogenoaren galerarik handiena goiko atmosferan metanoa suntsitzean ematen da<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=D. M.|abizena=Hunten|izenburua=Hydrogen loss from the terrestrial planets|orrialdeak=265\u2013292|abizena2=Donahue|izena2=T. M.|data=1976|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976AREPS...4..265H|aldizkaria=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|zenbakia=4|issn=0084-6597|doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.04.050176.001405|sartze-data=2019-06-04}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lotura kimikoak </del>===</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>=== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eremu grabitatorioa </ins>===</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lotura kimiko}}Atomo </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">molekulen artean gertatzen </del>diren <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">indarren bidez eratzen dira haien </del>arteko <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">loturak</del><ref>{{<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erreferentzia</del>|izena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Francisco</del>|abizena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Basterretxea</del>|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lotura</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">argitaletxea</del>=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zthiztegia</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elhuyar</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eus</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">terminoa/eu/lotura}}<</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref></del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomoak elkartu egiten dira molekulak sortzeko, ''[[Lotura kimiko|lotura kimikoak]]'' eratuz</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lotura kimikoen energiak handiak dira (kasu gehienetan, 200-800 kJ/mol artekoak)</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Molekulen arteko indarrak edo ''[[Van der Waalsen indar|Van der Waalsen indarrak]]''\u00a0 askoz ahulagoak dira (1-10 kJ/mol artean aurkitu ohi dira), baina oso garrantzitsuak dira</del>. \u00a0</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Gravity anomalies on Earth.jpg|alt=Lurraren tokian tokiko grabitatea, balio teorikoarekin alderatuta. Gorriz dauden zonaldeetan grabitatea indartsuagoa da, eta urdinez daudenetan ahulagoa.|thumb|Lurraren tokian tokiko grabitatea, balio teorikoarekin alderatuta. Gorriz dauden zonaldeetan grabitatea indartsuagoa da, eta urdinez daudenetan ahulagoa. ]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Ionic_bonding_animation</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gif</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">thumb</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lotura ioinikoaren osaketaren animazioa]]</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren grabitatea objektuek jasaten duten [[azelerazio]]a da, Lurreko masa banaketaren eraginez. Lurraren gainazaletik gertu, grabitazio azelerazioa 9,8 m/s<sup>2</sup> ingurukoa da. Tokian tokiko desberdintasun [[Topografia</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">topografiko]] </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Geologia|geologikoek]], baita sakonagoak </ins>diren <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Tektonika|egitura tektonikoen]] </ins>arteko <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">desberdintasunek Lurraren grabitazio eremuan tokiko zein zonalde zabalagoetako desberdintasunak sortzen dituzte, grabitatearen anomaliak bezala ezagutzen direnak.</ins><ref>{{<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreferentzia</ins>|izena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A. B.</ins>|abizena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Watts</ins>|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Long wavelength gravity and topography anomalies|orrialdeak=415\u2013448|abizena2=Daly|izena2=S. F.|data=1981</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">url</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">http</ins>://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">adsabs</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">harvard</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edu</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">abs</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1981AREPS</ins>...<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">9</ins>..<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">415W</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zenbakia=9</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">issn=0084-6597</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">doi=10</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1146/annurev</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ea</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">09</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">050181</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">002215|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lotura kimikoak hainbat eratakoak dira: ''[[Lotura kobalente</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lotura kobalentean]]'', atomoek elektroiak partekatzen dituzte molekulak osatzeko; [[Lotura ioniko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''lotura ionikoan'',]] atomoen artean erabateko elektroi-transferentziak gertatzen dira, ioiak sortzen baitira, eta indar elektrostatikoen bidez lotzen baitira</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Muturreko bi kasu horien artean tarteko loturak daude, ekarpen ioniko eta kobalenteak dituztenak</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Solido metalikoen kasuan, ''[[Lotura metaliko|lotura metalikoaz]]'' hitz egiten da</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Solido horietan, atomoak ionizatuta daude, eta elektroiak modu nahiko librean mugitzen dira kristal-sarean</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Loturaren ezaugarriak ongi ulertzeko, mekanika kuantikoaren legeetara jo behar da</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Energia </del>===</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>=== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eremu magnetikoa </ins>===</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{sakontzeko|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Energia</del>}}[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sistema fisiko</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baten energia sistema horrek </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lan (fisika)</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lana</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egiteko duen gaitasun edo ahalmena </del>da, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kasurako</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mugimendua eragitea</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">beroa ematea </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">argia sortzea ahalbidetzen dituena; zer esanik ez</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''lan'' hitza mekanika klasikoan emaniko definizioaren zentzuan ulertu behar </del>da <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">esaldi horretan</del><ref>{{<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erreferentzia</del>|abizena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Etxebarria</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Jose Ramon</del>|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Energia</del>|argitaletxea=https://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zthiztegia</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elhuyar</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eus</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">terminoa</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eu</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">energia</del>}}</ref>. \u00a0</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>{{sakontzeko|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren eremu magnetikoa</ins>}}</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurra </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">iman</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bat bezalakoa da; iman horren poloak </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">polo geografiko</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lurburuetatik]] oso hurbil daude. Horregatik [[iparrorratz</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aren orratzak iparraldeko eta hegoaldeko polo magnetikoekin lerroz lerro jartzen dira. Lurraren eremu magnetikoaren zati nagusia nukleoan sortzen </ins>da, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[dinamo]] prozesu bat sortzen den gunea. Prozesu honetan</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">konbekzioaren energia zinetikoa eremu magnetikoaren energian eta energia elektrikoan bihurtzen da. Eremua nukleotik kanpora hedatzen da, mantua pasaz</ins>, eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren azalerara iristen da, non gutxi gorabehera [[Dipolo magnetiko|dipolo]] bat dagoen. Dipoloaren poloak Lurraren polo geografikoetatik gertu daude. Eremu magnetikoaren ekuatorean, eremu magnetikoaren gainazalaren indarra 3</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">05 \u00d7 10\u22125 [[Tesla (unitatea)|T]] </ins>da<ref>{{<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreferentzia</ins>|abizena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lang</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kenneth R.</ins>|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Cambridge guide to the solar system|orrialdea=92</ins>|argitaletxea<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=Cambridge University Press|data=2003|url</ins>=https://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oclc</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">50511053|isbn=0521813069|pmc=50511053|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref>. Nukleoko [[konbekzio]] mugimenduak kaotikoak dira; honen ondorioz polo magnetikoak noraezean doaz eta aldian-aldian [[Alderantzizko matrize|lerrokatzea]] aldatzen da. Honek eremuaren aldaketak eragiten ditu. Azken itzulketa duela 700.000 urte inguru gertatu zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Mass and Angular Momentum Loss|url=http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/node69.html|aldizkaria=farside.ph.utexas.edu|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Campbell, Wallace H. (Wallace Hall), 1926-|izenburua=Introduction to geomagnetic fields|orrialdea=57|argitaletxea=Cambridge University Press|data=2003|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50479284|edizioa=2nd ed|isbn=0521822068|pmc=50479284|sartze-data=2019-06-05</ins>}}</ref>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Energia hainbat eratan existi daiteke materian</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hala nola energia zinetiko</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">potentzial</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">termiko</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elektriko</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimiko, nuklear edo bestelako eratan</del>, eta, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">halaber</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kontuan eduki behar dira beroa eta lana</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">energia gorputz batetik bestera pasatzeko modutzat</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Laburbilduz</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zientziaren arloan erabiltzen den ''energia'' hitza gorputzetan aldakuntza fisikoak eragiteko ahalmenarekin dago lotuta</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Magnetosfera ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Magnetosfera}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Structure of the magnetosphere eu.svg|alt=Magnetosferaren zati desberdinen eskema. Eguzki haizea ezkerretik eskubira doa.|thumb|Magnetosferaren zati desberdinen eskema. Eguzki haizea ezkerretik eskuinera doa.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren eremu magnetikoak espazioan duen luzapenari magnetosfera deitzen zaio. Eguzki haizearen [[elektroi]]ak eta [[ioi]]ak magnetosferak desbideratzen ditu eta eguzki-haizearen presioak magnetosferaren eguneko aldea konprimatzen du</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">10 Lurreko erradioko tamainara gutxi gora behera</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta gau aldeko magnetosfera buztan luze batean luzatzen du<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Ionosphere and magnetosphere - Magnetosphere|hizkuntza=en|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/ionosphere-and-magnetosphere|aldizkaria=Encyclopedia Britannica|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref>. Eguzki-haizeen abiadura eguzki haizearekin hedatzen diren uhinen abiadura baino handiagoa denez</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">arku supersoniko bat sortzen da magnetosferaren eguneko aldean<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Cluster reveals the reformation of the Earth's bow shock|hizkuntza=en-GB|url=http://sci.esa.int/cluster/40994-cluster-reveals-the-reformation-of-the-earth-s-bow-shock/|aldizkaria=sci.esa.int|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref>. [[Kargatutako partikula]]k magnetosferan geratzen dira; plasmasfera energia baxuko partikulek definitzen dute</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zeintzuek eremu magnetikoaren lerroak jarraitzen dituzten Lurrak biratzen duen bitartean<ref>{{erreferentzia|url=https://plasmasphere.nasa.gov/formed.html|izenburua=How the Plasmasphere is Formed|sartze-data=2019-06-05|egunkaria=|aldizkaria=|abizena=|izena=|egile-lotura=|hizkuntza=en|formatua=}}</ref><ref>{{erreferentzia|url=https://plasmasphere.nasa.gov/|izenburua=The Earth's Plasmasphere|sartze-data=2019-06-05|egunkaria=|aldizkaria=|abizena=|izena=|egile-lotura=|hizkuntza=|formatua=}}</ref>. Eraztun korrontea eremu magnetikoak eramandako energia ertaineko partikulek osatzen dute<ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Baumjohann</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">W. (Wolfgang)|izenburua=Basic space plasma physics|orrialdeak=8</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">31|argitaletxea=Imperial College Press|data=1997|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41428112|isbn=186094079X|pmc=41428112|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref> </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Van Allenen gerrikoak|Van Allenen gerrikoa]] energia altuko partikulek osatzen dute. Horien mugimendua ausazkoa da</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baina magnetosferaren barnean daude<ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Van Allen</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">James A. (James Alfred)</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1914-2006.|izenburua=Origins of magnetospheric physics|argitaletxea=University of Iowa Press|data=2004|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/297118150|edizioa=An expanded ed</ins>., <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[pbk. ed.]|isbn=9781587297717|pmc=297118150|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''Energia kimikoa'' molekulen </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">konposatu kimikoen egituran metaturik dagoena da</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">barne</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lotura kimikoen eraketaren kausaz</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Energia hori erreakzio kimikoen bidez askatzen da</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Ekaitz geomagnetiko|Ekaitz magnetikoetan]] zehar, partikula kargatuak kanpoko magnetosferatik eta, batez ere, buztanetik desbideratu daitezke, eta eremuaren lerroetatik Lurreko ionosferara doaz. Bertan, atmosferako atomoak kitzikatu </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ionizatu daitezke</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Aurora polar|aurorak]] sortuz<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere\"|url=https://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wmap.html|aldizkaria=www</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">spof</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gsfc.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>==<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= Erreakzioak =</del>==</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Orbita eta errotazioa </ins>==</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{sakontzeko|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreakzio kimiko</del>}}<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreakzio kimiko batean modu askotako </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gai kimiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">substantziak</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egon daitezke: elementu zein [[Konposatu kimiko|konposatu</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">solidoak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">likidoak gasak </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">abar</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oro har</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Erreaktibo|erreaktiboetako]] atomoak berrordenatu </del>egiten <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">dira; hau da</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lotura kimikoak apurtu </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">berriak sortzen dira<ref>{{erreferentzia|izena=Marian|abizena=Iriarte|izenburua=Erreakzio kimiko|argitaletxea=https://zthiztegia</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elhuyar</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eus/terminoa/eu/erreakzio}}</ref></del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>{{sakontzeko|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren mugimenduak</ins>}}</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fitxategi:EpicEarth-Globespin(2016May29).gif|thumb</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren errotazio mugimendua 2016ko maiatzaren 29, [[solstizio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a baino aste batzuk lehenago.</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurra, gainerako planetak bezala, bi higidura nagusiren mendean dago, errotazio higiduraren eta translazio higiduraren mendean, hain zuzen. Lurrak errotazioa, hots, bere ardatzaren gaineko jira osoa egiteko</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">23 ordu, 56 minutu </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">4 segundo behar ditu (egunaren iraupena)</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Halaber</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguzkiaren grabitazio indarrak erakarrita, Lurrak segundo bakoitzeko 29,8 km </ins>egiten <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ditu Eguzkiaren inguruko orbita eliptikoan zehar (translazioa)</ins>, eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">365,25 egun behar ditu itzuli osoa egiteko (urtearen iraupena)</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren bi higidura horien planoek 23\u00b0&nbsp;27'-ko angelua eratzen dute, ekliptikaren angelua deitua</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Planetaren errotazioak sortzen duen indar zentrifugoa dela eta, Lurrak esfera baten eitea du, zapalagoa Ipar eta Hego buruetan Ekuatore aldean baino</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreakzio kimiko bat ikurren bidez adierazi ahal izateko</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ekuazio kimiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ekuazio kimikoak</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erabiltzen dira. Ekuazioetan</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zein sustantziak </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zein proportziotan parte hartzen duten adierazten da</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Orbita ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{ikus gainera|Makurdura orbital}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren errotazio periodoa eguzkiarekiko (batez besteko eguzki-eguna) bataz besteko eguzki denborako 86.400 segundokoa da (86</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">4000025 [[SI]] segundo)<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Dennis D.|abizena=McCarthy|izenburua=The Physical Basis of the Leap Second|orrialdeak=1906\u20131908|abizena2=Hackman|abizena3=Nelson|izena2=Christine|izena3=Robert A.|data=2008-11-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJ....136.1906M|aldizkaria=The Astronomical Journal|zenbakia=136|issn=0004-6256|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1906|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref>. Lurraren eguzki egun bakoitza gaur egun XIX. mendekoa baino zertxobait luzeagoa denez </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Itsasaldiaren azelerazio</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">itsasaldien geldiaraztearen</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ondorioz</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egun bakoitza 0 </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2 SI [[Milisegundo|ms]] luzeagoa izan daiteke<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Leap Seconds|data=2015-03-12|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312003149/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{erreferentzia|url=http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/ser7.dat|izenburua=Rapid Service/Prediction of Earth Orientation|sartze-data=2016-06-05|egunkaria=IERS|aldizkaria=|abizena=|izena=|egile-lotura=|hizkuntza=en|formatua=DAT}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">chem</del>><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2 H2(g) + O2(g)</del>-> <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2 H2O (g)</del></<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">chem</del>></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren errotazio periodoa [[izar finko]]ekiko, [[Lurraren Biraketa eta Erreferentzia Sistemen Zerbitzu Internazionala]]k (IERS) izar egun deitua, eguzki denborako 86,964.0989 segundokoa da, edo 23 ordu, 56 minutu 4,0989 segundo<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=S.|abizena=Aoki|izenburua=The new definition of universal time|orrialdeak=359\u2013361|abizena2=Kinoshita|abizena3=Guinot|abizena4=Kaplan|abizena5=McCarthy|abizena6=Seidelmann|izena2=H.|izena3=B.|izena4=G. H.|izena5=D. D.|izena6=P. K.|data=1982-01-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982A%26A...105..359A|aldizkaria=Astronomy and Astrophysics|zenbakia=105|issn=0004-6361|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref>. Eguzki egunaren bataz besteko iraupena SI segundoetan eskuragarri dago IERSen, bai 1623-2005 tarterako<ref>{{Erreferentzia|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003083543/http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/lod-1623.html|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ins><<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/ref</ins>> <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta baita eta 1962</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2005 tarterako<ref</ins>><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Excess to 86400s of the duration day, 1995-1997|data=2007-08-13|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813203913/http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/figure3.html|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ins></<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref</ins>><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Aurreko ekuazio kimikoan agertzen diren zenbakiek erreaktiboen </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">produktuen arteko proportzioak adierazten dituzte</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hau </del>da, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Estekiometria</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erlazio estekiometrikoak</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">]]</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atmosferako meteoro </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">orbita baxuko sateliteak alde batera utzita</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zeruko gorputzen itxurazko mugimendu nagusia mendebalderakoa </ins>da<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, 15 \u00ba/o edo 15'/min-ko abiadan. Beste modu batera esanda</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zeru-ekuatore]]tik gertu dauden objektuak, eguzki edo ilargiaren itxurako diametroa mugitzen dira bi minutuero. Lurrazaletik, Eguzkia eta Ilargiaren itxurazko tamainak gutxi gorabehera berdinak dira<ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Zeilik, Michael.</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izenburua=Introductory astronomy & astrophysics|argitaletxea=Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning|orrialdea=56|data=1998|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38157539|edizioa=4th ed|isbn=0030062284|pmc=38157539|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref><ref name=\":9\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Planetary Fact Sheets|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetfact.html|aldizkaria=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><chem>aA</del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">g</del>) <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">+ bB</del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">g</del>)<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">->cC</del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">g</del>) <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">+ dD</del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">g</del>)</<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">chem</del>></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Errotazioa ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Pale Blue Dot.png|alt=Puntu urdin margul bat izeneko argazkia, Voyager 1 espaziontziak ateratakoa. Lurra pixel urdin bat besterik ez da 6,4 bilioi kilometrotik ikusia.|thumb|[[Puntu urdin margul bat]] izeneko argazkia, [[Voyager 1]] espazio-ontziak ateratakoa. Lurra pixel urdin bat besterik ez da 6,4 bilioi kilometrotik ikusia.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurrak Eguzkiaren inguruan orbitatzen du, batez besteko 150 milioi km inguruko distantzia batean. Bira oso bat emateko bataz besteko 365.2564 eguzki egun edo [[urte sideral]] bat behar ditu. Horrek Eguzkiaren ekialderako itxurazko mugimendua sortzen du izarrekin alderatuta. Mugimendu hau eguneko 1 \u00ba ingurukoa da, hau da, 12 orduero eguzki edo ilargiaren itxurazko diametroa. Mugimendu horren ondorioz, batez beste 24 ordu behar ditu </ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Eguzki denbora|eguzki egun bat]]</ins>) <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurrak bere ardatzaren inguruan biraketa osoa osatzeko eta eguzkia [[Meridiano </ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">astronomia</ins>)<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|meridianora]] itzultzeko. Lurraren abiaduraren orbita batez beste 29,78 km/s ingurukoa da </ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">107,200 km/o</ins>)<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">. Abiadura horretan, Lurraren diametro osoa </ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">12,742 km</ins>) <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zazpi minututan zeharkatuko luke.</ins><<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref name=\":5\" </ins>/></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erlazio horiek hauxe adierazten </del>dute: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A substantziaren ''a'' molekulak erreakzionatzeko</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">B substantziaren ''b'' molekula beharko dira</del>, eta, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ondoren</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">C substantziaren ''c'' molekula </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">D substantziaren ''d'' molekula sortuko dira</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ilargiak eta Lurrak [[barizentro]] komun bat orbitatzen </ins>dute <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">27,32 egunero, atzeko izarrekiko erreferentzia hartuta. Lurra-Ilargi sistemaren Eguzkiaren inguruko orbita komunarekin konbinatuta, [[hilabete sinodiko]]aren iraupena, ilargi berritik ilargi berrira dagoen tartea, 29,53 egunekoa da. [[Zeru polo|Zeruko ipar polotik]] ikusita, Lurraren eta Ilargiaren mugimendua eta baita haien biraketa axialak ere, [[Erloju orratzen noranzko|erlojuaren noranzkoaren]] aurkakoak dira. Eguzkiaren eta Lurraren ipar poloen gainetik begiratuta dagoen ikuspegi batetik, Lurrak norabide berdinean orbitatzen du Eguzkia. Plano orbitalak eta axialak ez daude zehatz-mehatz lerrokatuta</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren ardatza 23</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">44 gradu dago [[Makurdura axial|makurtuta]] Lur-Eguzki planoaren ([[ekliptika]]) perpendikularretik</ins>, eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurra \u2013 Ilargiaren planoa \u00b1 5</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1 gradu dago makurtua Lurra \u2013 Eguzkia planoarekin alderatuta. Makurdura hau gabe</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eklipse bat egongo litzateke bi astetan behin, [[ilargi eklipse]]ak </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[eguzki eklipse]]ak tartekatuz<ref name=\":5\" /><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Moon Fact Sheet|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html|aldizkaria=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreakzio kimiko arruntetan</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ekuazioaren bi aldeetako atomo</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">motak eta </del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kopuruak berdinak dira</del>, eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">horri erreakzioa </del>''<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">doitua</del>'' <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egotea esaten zaio</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren [[Hill esfera]]k</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hau da, [[grabitazio]]-eragin esparruak, 1,5 milioi km inguruko erradioa du<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=M.|abizena=V\u00e1\u00edquez|izenburua=The Earth as an object of astrophysical interest in the search for extrasolar planets|orrialdeak=49\u201370|abizena2=Monta\u00f1es-Rodr\u00edguez|abizena3=Pall\u00e9|izena2=P.|izena3=E.|data=2006-12-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006LNEA....2...49V|aldizkaria=Lecture Notes and Essays in Astrophysics|zenbakia=2|sartze</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">data=2019-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">05}}</ref><ref group=\"oh\">Lurrarentzat, [[Hill erradioa]]\u00a0 <math>R_H = a\\left ( \\frac{m}{3M} \\right )^{\\frac{1}{3}}</math> da, non ''m'' Lurraren masa den, ''a'' unitate astronomiko bat</ins>, eta ''<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">M</ins>'' <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguzkiaren masa den. Horrenbestez, erradioa AUtan <math>\\left ( \\frac{1}{3 \\cdot 332,946} \\right )^{\\frac{1}{3}} = 0.01</math> ingurukoa da.</ref>. Distantzia honetatik gaindi, Eguzkiaren edo beste planeten grabitazioaren eragina Lurrarena baino handiagoa da. Objektuek Lurra distantzia honen barnean orbitatu behar dute, edo bestela Eguzkiaren grabitazio indarraren ondorioz ihes egin dezakete</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreakzio batean zenbat erreaktibo gastatuko den </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zenbat produktu sortuko den jakiteko</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ekuazioaren </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">estekiometria</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erabiliko dugu; baina kontuan hartu behar da hasieran ipinitako kantitateak ez baldin badira estekiometriak agindutakoak proportzioan kantitate urrienean dagoen erreaktiboa izango dela erreakzioa mugatuko duena; eta horri ''erreaktibo mugatzailea'' esaten zaio</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurra, Eguzki Sistemarekin batera, [[Esne Bidea]]n kokatuta dago </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bere erdigunetik 28.000 [[argi-urte]] inguruko distantzian orbitatzen du. [[Plano galaktiko]]tik gora 20 argi urte ingurura dago</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Orionen besoa</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">n<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Ask an Astrophysicist|url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/ask_astro/index.html|aldizkaria=imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2019-06-05}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Adibidez</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">burdina metalikoak airearen oxigenoarekin erreakzionatutakoan</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">burdina</del>]]-[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oxido|oxidoa</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eratzen </del>da.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Makurdura axiala ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Makurdura axial}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:AxialTiltObliquity.png|ezkerrera|thumb|Lurraren [[makurdura axial]]a, eta [[plano orbital]]arekiko eta [[errotazio]] ardatzarekiko duen erlazioa.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren inklinazio axiala 23</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">439281 \u00b0-koa da gutxi gorabehera bere orbitako planoaren ardatzarekiko<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=USEFUL CONSTANTS|url=http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html|aldizkaria=hpiers.obspm.fr|sartze-data=2019-06-06}}</ref></ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">beti </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zeru polo</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">etara zuzentzen dena. Lurraren makurdura axialaren ondorioz, gainazaleko puntu jakin batera iritsi den eguzki</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">argia aldatu egiten da urtean zehar. Horrek kliman urtaro aldaketa eragiten du: [[Kantzer tropikoa]] eguzkiari begira dagoenean, [[ipar hemisferio]]an [[uda]] da, eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">negu]]a berriz, [[hego hemisferio]]an dagoen [[Kaprikornio tropikoa</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eguzkiari begira dagoenean, bertan uda delarik. Udan eguna luzeagoa da, eta Eguzkia zeruan gorago igotzen da. Neguan, klima freskoago bihurtzen </ins>da <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta egunak laburragoak dira</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><chem>Fe(s) + 12O2(g) -> FeO(s)</chem></del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Zirkulu polar artikoa]]ren gainetik</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">muturreko kasua ematen </ins>da <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">urtearen zati batean batere argirik ez dagoenean</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ipar poloan sei hilabete irauten du egoera honek</ins>, eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gau polar</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izena jasotzen du. Hegoaldeko hemisferioan</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egoera alderantzizko da</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hegoburua</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ipar poloaren kontrako norabidean kokatuta baitago. Sei hilabete beranduago, polo honek </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gauerdiko eguzki</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gauerdian eguzkia</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izaten du, 24 ordutako egunak, berriro ere hego poloan kontrako egoera ematen delarik</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Adibide honetan</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erreakzioa atmosfera zabalean eginez gero, erreaktibo mugatzailea burdina izango </del>da<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, nahi adina oxigeno baitago atmosderan</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreakzioak hainbat irizpideren arabera sailka daitezke, baina beharbada sinpleena erreakzioan parte hartzen duten substantzien arabera egitea da; horren arabera</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''erreakzio ez-organikoak'' </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''erreakzio organikoak'' bereizten dira. Horien artean nagusiak hauexek dira: </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Azido-base erreakzio|azido-base erreakzioak</del>]], <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Erredox erreakzio|erredox erreakzioak</del>,<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">]] </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Errekuntza|errekuntza-erreakzioa</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hauspeatze</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hauspeatze-erreakzioak</del>]].</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Ioiak </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gatzak ===</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konbentzio astronomikoen arabera, lau urtaroak zehazteko [[solstizio]]ak \u2013 makurdura axiala Eguzkitik urrunen edo hurbilen dauden orbitaren puntuak \u2013 </ins>eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ekinokzio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak \u2013 makurduraren norabidea eta Eguzkiaren norabidea perpendikularrak direnean \u2013 erabiltzen dira</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ipar hemisferioan</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[neguko solstizio]]a abenduaren 21aren inguruan gertatzen da; [[udako solstizio]]a ekainaren 21etik gertu izaten da</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">udaberriko ekinokzio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a martxoaren 20aren bueltan </ins>eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">udazkeneko ekinokzio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a irailaren 22 edo 23an. Hego hemisferioan, egoera alderantzikatzen </ins>da<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">: udako eta neguko solstizioak trukatzen dira eta udaberriko eta udazkeneko ekinozioen datak trukatzen dira<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=sym454.org\u00a0-\u00a0Informationen zum Thema sym454.|url=http://www.sym454.org/seasons/|aldizkaria=www.sym454.org|sartze-data=2019-06-06}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|ioi|gatz (kimika)}}</del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ioi|Ioia</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elektroi bat edo gehiago galdu edo bereganatu dituen espezie kargatua da, atomo zein molekula</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomo batek elektroi bat galtzen duenean eta</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">beraz</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elektroiek baino protoi gehiago dituenean, atomoa karga positiboko ioia edo </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Katioi|katioia</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">da. Atomo batek elektroi bat irabazten duenean </del>eta<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, beraz, protoiak baino elektroi gehiago dituenean, atomoa negatiboki kargatutako ioia edo </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Anioi|anioia</del>]] da. \u00a0</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Katioiek eta anioiek </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gatz </del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimika</del>)<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|gatz</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">neutroen kristal-sare bat osa dezakete; </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sodio kloruro|sodio kloruroa</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(NaCl) eratzen dute Na</del><<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup</del>><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">+<</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup> eta Cl<sup></del>-</<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup</del>> <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ioiek</del>. \u00a0</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren ardatz axialaren angelua nahiko egonkorra da denbora luzeetan zehar. Bere inklinazio axialak </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">nutazio]]a jasaten du; mugimendu txiki eta irregular bat, 18,6 urteko periodo nagusia duena<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Essential Cosmic Lecture Launcher: Precession of Moon's Orbit|url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/users/lin/ast110-6/applets/precession_of_moon_orbit.htm|aldizkaria=www.ifa.hawaii.edu|sartze-data=2019-06-06}}</ref>. Lurraren ardatzaren orientazioa </ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ez angelua bera</ins>) <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ere aldatu egiten da denboran zehar, 25.800 urte behar dituelarik zirkulu oso bat osatzeko. [[Prezesio]]a deitzen zaio honi. Mugimendu hau urte sideral baten eta [[urte tropikal]] baten arteko desberdintasunaren arrazoia da. Bi mugimenduak Eguzkiaren eta Ilargiaren erakargarritasun desberdinak eragiten dituzte. Poloak, halaber, Lurreko gainazaletik metro gutxi batzuk mugitzen dira. Mugimendu polar honek hainbat osagai zikliko ditu, zeinak kolektiboki [[mugimendu kuasiperiodiko</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izena jasotzen duten. Honetaz gain, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Chandlerren kulunka</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">deritzon mugimendua ere jasaten du. Lurraren biraketa-abiadura ere aldatu egiten da, egunaren luzeraren aldaketa bezala ezagutzen den fenomeno bat sortuz</ins><<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref</ins>><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Earth Rotation and Equatorial Coordinates|url=https://www.cv.nrao.edu/~rfisher/Ephemerides</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">earth_rot.html|aldizkaria=www.cv.nrao.edu|sartze-data=2019-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">06}}</ins></<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref</ins>>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ioi poliatomikoen bi adibide: </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hidroxido|hidroxidoa</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(OH<sup>-)</sup> </del>eta [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fosfato|fosfatoa</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(PO</del><<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub</del>><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">4<</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub><sup>3</del>-</<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup</del>><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">)</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gaur egun, Lurraren [[perihelio]]a urtarrilaren 3aren inguruan gertatzen da eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">afelio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a uztailaren 4arenean. Data hauek denboran zehar aldatzen dira, prezesioaren eta beste faktore orbital batzuen ondorioz. Denboran ziklikoak dira </ins>eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Milankovitch ziklo</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gisa ezagutzen dira. Lur eta Eguzkiaren arteko distantzia aldaketarengatik, desberdintasuna ematen da Lurrak jasotzen duen eguzki energia kantitatean. Perihelioan % 6,9 handiagoa da afelioarekin alderatuta. Hegoaldeko hemisferioa Eguzkirantz dagoenez periheliora iristean, hemisferio honek iparraldekoak baino eguzki energia kantitate zertxobait handiagoa jasotzen du urtean zehar. Dena den, efektu honek askoz garrantzi gutxiago dauka makurdura axialak eragiten duena baino, eta jasotzen duen energia gehigarri gehiena hegoaldeko hemisferioan dagoen ur proportzio handiagoak barneratzen du</ins><<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref</ins>><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=USATODAY.com|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/tg/wseason</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wseason.htm|aldizkaria=usatoday30.usatoday.com|sartze-data=2019-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">06}}</ins></<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref</ins>>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Plasma (fisika)</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Plasma</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erabat ionizatutako gas</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">materiaz osatuta dago, normalean tenperatura altuetan</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2016ko ikerketa baten arabera, [</ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bederatzigarren planeta]]k </ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[Eguzki-sistema</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguzki Sistemako</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">planeta guztiak 6 gradu makurtu zituen, Lurra barne<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Charles Q. Choi 2016</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">10-19T17:58:22Z|abizena=Science|izenburua=Did the Mysterious 'Planet Nine' Tilt the Solar System?|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Astronomy|url=https://www.space.com/34448-planet-nine-solar-system-tilt.html|aldizkaria=Space.com|sartze-data=2019-06-06}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Azidoak eta baseak </del>==<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bizigarritasuna </ins>==</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Azido</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Base}}Ur-disoluzioan </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hidronio ioi</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hidronio ioiaren</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(H</del><<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub</del>><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">3<</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub>O<sup>+</del></<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup</del>><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">) kontzentrazioa handitzen duen substantziari ''azido'' deritzo</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''Base''</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldiz</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hidronio ioiaren kontzentrazioa txikitzen duen espezieari deritzo; kontzentrazio</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jaitsiera horrek</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ezinbestez</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Hidroxilo|hidroxilo ioien]] (OH<sup>-</sup>) kontzentrazioa handitzea dakar</del><ref>{{<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erreferentzia|izena=Nestor</del>|abizena=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Etxebarria</del>|izenburua=<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Azido</del>|argitaletxea=https://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zthiztegia</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elhuyar</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eus</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">terminoa</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eu/azido</del>}}</ref>. \u00a0</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Moraine Lake 17092005.jpg|alt</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kanadako Mendi Harritsuak, behean Moraine aintzira dutelarik</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">thumb</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kanadako [[Mendi Harritsuak]], behean [[Moraine aintzira]] dutelarik]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bizitza sostengatu ahal duen planeta bati </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bizigarritasun planetario</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bizigarria</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">deitzen zaio, nahiz eta bizitza ez den bertan sortu. Lurrak ur likidoa eskaintzen du; [[molekula organiko]] konplexuak elkartu eta elkarreragin dezaketen ingurunea eta nahikoa energia [[metabolismo]]a mantentzeko</ins><<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref</ins>><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Astrobiology Roadmap|data=2007-04-10|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070410163451/http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">g1.html|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=2019-06-06}}</ins></<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref</ins>>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurretik Eguzkirako distantzia distantziak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baita orbitaren eszentrikotasunak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">biraketa</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">tasak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">makurdura axialak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">historia geologikoak, atmosferak eta eremu magnetikoak lurrazaleko egungo baldintza klimatikoak direnak izaten laguntzen dute</ins><ref>{{<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreferentzia</ins>|abizena=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dole, Stephen H.</ins>|izenburua=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Habitable planets for man</ins>|argitaletxea<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=American Elsevier Pub. Co|data=1970|url</ins>=https://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oclc</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">101260|edizioa=2d ed|isbn=0444000925|pmc=101260|sartze-data=2019-06-06</ins>}}</ref>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Azidoen eta baseen lehen definizioa </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Svante Arrhenius</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Arrheniusena</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">da</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1887koa, zeinak azidoa disoziatzean </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Protoi|protoiak</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">askatzen dituen substantzia gisa definitu zuen</del>. [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bronsted eta Lowry-ren azido base teoria</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Br\u00f8nstedek eta Lowryk</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">azidoak protoi-emaile gisa eta baseak protoi-hartzaile modura definitu zituzten 1923an</del>, eta, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hala, azido </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">base konjugatuak definitzen </del>dira<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">: azidoak protoia eman ostean gelditzen den molekulari azido horren ''base konjugatu'' deritzo, zeina protoi bat hartuz, dagokion azido konjugatu bihurtzen den</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Adibidez</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ur</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">uretan</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">dagoen </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Azido azetiko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">azido azetikoak</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">protoi bat gal dezake, bere base konjugatua den </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Azefato</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">azetatoa</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">emateko</del>, eta<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, modu berean, azetatoak protoi bat har dezake bere azido konjugatua den azido azetikoa emateko. Hala, azido azetikoak (HA) eta azetatoak (A</del><<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup</del>>-</<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup</del>><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">) azido-base bikotea eratzen dute</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Biosfera ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Biosfera}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Planeta bateko bizidunak </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ekosistema</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ekosistemetan</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bizi dira</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta horiek guztiak \u00ab[[biosfera]]\u00bb bat osatzen dute. Lurraren biosfera 3.5 G urte inguru </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eboluzio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">natzen hasi dela pentsatzen da 73</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Biosfera hainbat </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bioma</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">biometan</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">banatuta dago</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">antzeko landare </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">animaliak bizi direlarik bakoitzean. Lurrean biomak nagusiki latitudearen</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">itsas mailatik dagoen [[altuera]]ren </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[hezetasun]]aren arabera banatzen </ins>dira. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Zirkulu polar artikoa|Artikoko]] edo [[Zirkulu polar artikoa|Antartikako zirkuluen]] barruan</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Larre alpetar</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">altuera handiko</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zonaldeetan edo </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Basamortu</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eremu oso lehorretan</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kokatutako </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Tundra</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">biometan</ins>]], <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">landare edota animali bizitza gutxi dago; espezieen aniztasunaren gailurra [[Oihan tropikal|ekuatoreko latitudetan dauden lurralde baxu </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hezeetan]] ematen da</ins><<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref</ins>><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=Helmut|abizena=Hillebrand|izenburua=On the Generality of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient.|orrialdeak=192\u2013211|data=2004-02-01|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/381004|aldizkaria=The American Naturalist|alea=2|zenbakia=163|issn=0003-0147|doi=10.1086/381004|sartze-data=2019-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">06}}</ins></<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref</ins>>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1923an, halaber, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gilbert N. Lewis|Lewisek</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">beste era batera definitu zituen azidoak eta baseak</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Definizio horren arabera, azidoak elektroi</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bikote bat onartzeko gai diren substantziak dira, eta baseak, berriz, elektroi</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bikotea emateko gai diren substantziak</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Lewisen azido eta baseak</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lewis</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">en azido</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">base teoriak]] bere baitan hartzen du Br\u00f8nsted eta Lowryrena</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2016ko uztailean zientzialariek jakinarazi zuten Lurrean bizi diren [[organismo]] guztien [[azken arbaso komun unibertsal]]aren (LUCA) 355 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gene</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">identifikatzea lortu zutela<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Nicholas|abizena=Wade|izenburua=Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things|hizkuntza=en-US|data=2016-07-25|url=https://www.nytimes</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">com/2016/07/26/science/last</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">universal</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ancestor</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">html|aldizkaria=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">data=2019-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">06}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Azidotasuna bi metodoren bidez neurtzen da eskuarki. Arrheniusen azidotasunaren definizioan oinarritutako neurri bat [[pH]]</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a da</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[disoluzio]] batean hidronio ioien kontzentrazioaren neurri bat, eskala logaritmiko negatiboan adierazia</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hala</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pH baxuko disoluzioek hidronio ioien kontzentrazio handia dute</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta azidoagoak direla esan daiteke</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Beste neurketa, Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowryren definizioan oinarritua, azidoaren disoziazio</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">konstantea da (K<sub>a</del></<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub</del>><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">)</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta substantzia batek azido gisa jarduteko duen ahalmen erlatiboa neurtzen du azido baten Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowryren azidoaren definizioan</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hau da</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">K<sub>a</sub> altuagoa duten substantziek joera handiagoa dute erreakzio kimikoetan hidrogeno-ioiak emateko K<sub>a</sub> balio baxuagoak dituztenek </del>baino.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Baliabide naturalak eta lurzoruaren erabilera ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"float:right; margin</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">left:1em;\"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+ Gizakiak erabilitako lurren estimazioa</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2000<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Eric F</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|abizena=Lambin|izenburua=Inaugural Article: Global land use change</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">economic globalization</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">and the looming land scarcity|orrialdeak=3465\u20133472|abizena2=Meyfroidt|izena2=Patrick|data=2011-03-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.3465L|aldizkaria=Proceedings of the National Academy of Science|zenbakia=108|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1100480108|sartze-data=2019-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">07}}</ins></<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref</ins>></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!Erabilera</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!Mha</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Landatutako lurra</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align:center\"| 1</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">510\u20131,611</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Zelaiak</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align:center\"| 2,500\u20133,410</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Baso naturalak</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align:center\"| 3,143\u20133,871</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Landatutako basoak</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align:center\"| 126\u2013215</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Zonalde urbanoak</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align:center\"| 66\u2013351</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Erabili gabeko lur produktiboa</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|style=\"text-align:center\"| 356\u2013445</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurrak gizakiek ustiatu dituzten baliabideak ditu</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Energia ez berriztagarri]] bezala izendatu direnak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[erregai fosil]]ak esate baterako, denbora geologikoetan </ins>baino <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ez dira berritzen</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erredox erreakzioak </del>===</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erregai fosilen gordailu handiak lurrazaletik lortzen dira, hauen artean [[ikatza]], [[petrolio]]a eta [[gas natural]]a daudelarik. Gordailu horiek gizakiek energia-ekoizpenerako eta kimika ekoizpenerako lehengai gisa erabiltzen dituzte. Mineral [[mea]]k ere lurrazalaren barnean eratu dira, [[magmatismo]]a, higadura eta plaken tektonika bezalako prozesuen bidez<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">PAUL|abizena</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ramdohe|izenburua</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">WRITER'S PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION|argitaletxea</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Pergamon|orrialdeak</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">xv\u2013xvi|data</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1969-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080116358500048|aldizkaria=The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths|editore-abizena=Ramdohr|editore-izena=PAUL|isbn=9780080116358|doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-011635-8.50004-8</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze-data=2019-06-07</ins>}}<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></ref>. Gordailu horiek metal ugarien eta bestelako </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Elementu kimiko|elementu</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erabilgarrien iturri kontzentratuak osatzen dituzte</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erredox erreakzio</del>}}<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erredox erreakzioen kontzeptuan sartzen dira atomoek beren </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oxidazio-egoera</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldatzen duten erreakzio kimiko guztiak, elektroiak irabaziz (''erredukzioa'') edo elektroiak galduz (oxidazioa). Beste substantzia batzuk oxidatzeko gaitasuna duten substantziei esaten da eta agente oxidatzaile edo oxidatzaile deitzen zaie. Oxidatzaile batek beste substantzia baten elektroiak erauzten ditu. Era berean, beste substantzia batzuk erreduzitzeko gaitasuna duten substantziak agente erreduktoreak edo erreduktoreak direla esaten da</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreduktore batek elektroiak transferitzen dizkio </del>beste <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">substantzia bati </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bere burua oxidatzen du</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eta elektroiak \"ematen\" dituenez</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elektroi</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">emaile ere esaten zaio</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oxidazioa eta erredukzioa behar bezala adierazten dira </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oxidazio-zenbaki</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oxidazio-zenbakiaren</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldaketaren bidez \u2014elektroien transferentzia erreala ezin da inoiz gertatu</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Horrela</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oxidazioa hobeto definitzen da oxidazio-zenbakia handitzea bezala eta erredukzioa oxidazio-zenbakia gutxitzea bezala</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurreko biosferak gizakiarentzako erabilgarriak diren produktu biologiko asko ekoizten ditu, besteak </ins>beste<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, janaria, [[zur]]a, [[farmako]]ak, oxigenoa eta hondakin organiko askoren [[birziklatze]]a. Lurrean oinarritutako [[ekosistema]] lurzoruaren </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ur freskoaren mende dago eta ozeanoko ekosistemak lurretik etorri diren elikagai disolbatuen menpe dago<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Peter A.|abizena=Rona|izenburua=Resources of the Sea Floor|orrialdeak=673\u2013674|hizkuntza=en|data=2003-01-31|url=https://science</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sciencemag.org/content/299/5607/673|aldizkaria=Science|alea=5607|zenbakia=299|issn=0036-8075|pmid=12560541|doi=10.1126/science.1080679|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref>. 1980an, Lurreko lur azaleraren 50,53 milioi km\u00b2 basoak ziren; 67,88 milioi km\u00b2 larre eta soroak, eta 15</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">01 milioi km\u00b2 laborantza gisa erabiltzen ziren<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=The Earth as transformed by human action : global and regional changes in the biosphere over the past 300 years|orrialdea=164|argitaletxea=Cambridge University Press with Clark University|data=1990|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20294746|isbn=0521363578|pmc=20294746|sartze-data=2019-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">07}}</ref></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1993an lurzoruko 2.481.250 km\u00b2\u00a0 inguru </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ureztatze</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ureztatuak</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zeudela estimatzen zen<ref name=\":8\" /></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Era berean</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gizakiek lurrean bizitzeko [[Eraikuntza ekai|eraikuntza materialak]] erabiltzen dituzte etxeak eraikitzeko</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oreka kimikoa </del>===</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>=== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hondamendi naturalak </ins>===</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sakontzeko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oreka kimiko</del>}}<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Nahiz eta oreka kontzeptua asko erabiltzen den zientzian</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimikaren testuinguruan</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">konposizio kimikoaren zenbait egoera desberdin posible direnean sortzen da</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hala nola</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elkarren artean erreakziona dezaketen zenbait konposatu kimikoren nahasketa batean</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edo substantzia bat </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fase (termodinamika)|fase-mota</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">batean baino gehiagotan egon daitekeenean</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Pavlof2014iss.jpg|alt=Sumendi baten erupzioak airera jaurtitako hautsa|thumb|[[Sumendi]] baten erupzioak airera jaurtitako [[hauts]]<nowiki/>a]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren azalera handiak eguraldi bortitzaren mende daude, esate baterako, [[zikloi tropikal]]ak, [[urakan]]ak edo [[tifoi]]ak. 1980tik 2000ra bitartean, horrelako fenomenoek 11.800 hildako eragin zituzten batez beste urtero<ref></ins>{{<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreferentzia|izenburua=Oceans and human health</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">orrialdea=212|argitaletxea=Elsevier|data=2008|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165048774|isbn=9780123725844|pmc=165048774|sartze-data=2019-06-07</ins>}}<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></ref>. Leku askotan jasan behar dituzte [[lurrikara]]k, [[luizi]]ak, [[tsunami]]ak, [[Sumendi-erupzio|sumendien erupzioak]], [[tornado]]ak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[dolina]]k</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[ekaitz]]ak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[uholde]]ak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[lehorte]]ak</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sute</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak eta bestelako hondamendiak</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Orekan dagoen </del>substantzia <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimikoen sistema bat</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldatu ezin den konposizioa izan arren</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ez da estatikoa izaten; substantzien molekulek elkarren artean erreakzionatzen segitzen dute</del>, eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">horrek oreka dinamikoa sortzen du. Hala, kontzeptuak deskribatzen du nola konposizio kimikoa bezalako parametroek denborarekin aldaketarik gabe irauten duten</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Beste toki askotan, giza ekintzarengatik sortutako arazoak pairatu behar dituzte: aire eta uraren [[kutsadura]], [[euri azido]] eta </ins>substantzia <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">toxikoak, landarediaren galera ([[gehiegizko ustiapen]]a, [[deforestazio]]a, [[desertifikazio]]a)</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">faunaren galera</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[espezieen iraungipen]]a</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lurzoruaren agortzea </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[higadura]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lege kimikoak </del>===</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Giza jarduerak eta [[berotze globala]] lotzen dituen [[adostasun zientifiko]]a dago, industriak sorturiko [[karbono dioxido]] emisioen erruz. Aurreikusten da arazo honek [[glaziar]]ren eta izotz geruzen urtzea, tenperatura muturrekoagoak, eguraldian aldaketa nabarmenak eta batez besteko [[itsas mailaren igoera]] eragingo dituela<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Evidence is now \u2018unequivocal\u2019 that humans are causing global warming \u2013 UN report|data</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2008-12-21|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221031717/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">21429&Cr</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">climate&Cr1</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change|aldizkaria</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web.archive</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze-data=2019</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">07}}</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimikaren baitan lege nagusiak hauek dira:</del></div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Gaylussac</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jpg</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">thumb|Joseph</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Louis Gay</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lussac, kimikari [[Okzitaniar|okzitaniarra]]]]</del></div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Avogadroren legea</del>]]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Giza geografia ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Boyle-Mariotteren legea|Boyle-ren legea</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(1662, bolumena eta presioa erlazionatzen ditu)</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Charlesen legea|Charles-en legea</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(1787, bolumena eta tenperatura erlazionatzen ditu)</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fick-en difusioaren legea</del>]]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <imagemap></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gay-Lussacen legea|Gay-Lussac-en legea</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(1809, presioa eta tenperatura erlazionatzen)</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Image:Continentes.png|400px|</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Le Chatelierren printzipioa|Le Chatelier-en printzipioa</del>]]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">poly 685 19 467 15 318 60 219 55 150 99 149 125 236 106 219 198 266 280 368 341 354 392 406 455 440 613 482 621 503 603 462 560 566 403 452 326 460 293 389 234 432 184 511 155 579 82 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Amerika</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Henry-ren legea</del>]]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">poly 637 84 651 93 672 83 666 127 662 200 680 210 739 194 757 210 806 213 805 189 862 180 905 197 886 138 917 137 900 80 912 68 907 35 766 23 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Europa</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Hessen legea</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hess-en legea]]</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">poly 1306 73 1032 47 953 25 910 52 916 74 905 84 918 135 891 140 908 200 865 181 808 190 808 217 882 313 972 261 1033 345 1030 303 1071 272 1089 301 1131 399 1246 420 1193 241 1254 211 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Asia</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Energiaren kontserbazioaren printzipioa|Energiaren kontserbazioaren legea</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(oreka</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">termodinamika </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zinetika kontzeptuak biltzen ditu)</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">poly 46 264 67 265 75 288 53 280 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ozeania</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lavoisierren legea|Lavoisier-en legea</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edo masaren kontserbazioaren legea</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">poly 1242 367 1248 420 1156 465 1155 531 1225 519 1255 574 1332 586 1398 553 1480 437 1417 329 1296 287 1252 332 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ozeania</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Prousten legea|Proust-en legea</del>]] edo <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">proportzio konstanteen legea</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">poly 677 209 626 270 626 311 665 353 724 350 743 440 776 529 806 530 850 477 885 490 944 465 933 391 890 436 862 404 896 357 913 318 884 322 832 231 736 198 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Afrika</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Daltonen legea</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dalton-en legea</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edo proportzio anizkoitzen legea </del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">poly 272 720 533 663 593 720 695 685 873 671 1021 661 1215 695 1222 721 1144 752 345 752 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antartika</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Raoulten legea|Raoult-en legea</del>]]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">desc none</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></imagemap></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kartografia</ins>]], <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mapak egin eta ikertzen dituen zientzia; </ins>eta [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">geografia</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, Lurraren ezaugarriak, biztanleak eta fenomenoak aztertzen dituena, Lurra irudikatu izan duten diziplinak izan dira historikoki. </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Topografia</ins>]] edo [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lur-neurketa</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lur neurketa</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, hau da, lekuen kokapena eta distantzia zehaztea, eta, neurri txikiagoan, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">nabigazio</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a, hau da, posizioa eta norabidea zehaztea, kartografia eta geografiarekin batera garatu dira, beharrezko informazioa eman eta neurri egokian hornituz.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Historia </del>==</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Munduko biztanleria|Lurraren giza biztanleria]] zazpi milioi ingurura iritsi zen 2011ko urriaren 31n<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Various '7 billionth' babies celebrated worldwide - Yahoo! News|data</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2011-10-31|url</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https://web.archive.org/web/20111031182613/http://news.yahoo.com/various-7-billionth-babies-celebrated-worldwide-064439018.html|aldizkaria</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web.archive.org|sartze-data</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2019-06-07}}</ref>. Proiekzioek adierazten dute munduko giza biztanleria 9,2 mila milioira iritsi daitekeela 2050an<ref></ins>{{<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreferentzia|izenburua=World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision|data=2009-09-05|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905200753/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm|aldizkaria=web.archive.org</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze-data=2019-06-07</ins>}}<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></ref>. Hazkunde gehiena [[Garapen bidean dagoen herrialde|garapen bidean dauden herrialdeetan]] gertatuko dela espero da. Giza [[biztanleriaren dentsitate]]a oso ezberdina da mundu osoan zehar, baina gehienak </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Asia]]n bizi dira. 2020an, munduko biztanleriaren % 60 hiri-eremuetan bizi izatea espero da, nekazal guneen ordez<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth: Growth - Population Reference Bureau|data=2007-07-03|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070703064634/https://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth/QuestionAnswer.aspx|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sakontzeko</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimikaren historia</del>}}</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fitxategi</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antoine lavoisier</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jpg</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">thumb</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">250px</del>|[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antoine Lavoisier</del>]], <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimika garaikidearen aitatzat jo izan dena</del>]]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Munduko lur-masaren % 68a ipar hemisferioan dago<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Distribution of landmasses of the Paleo-Earth - Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo|url=http</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//phl.upr.edu/library/notes/distributionoflandmassesofthepaleo-earth|aldizkaria=phl.upr.edu|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurzoruaren masa nagusitasun hau dela eta, gizakien % 90 ipar hemisferioan bizi da<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Ashley|abizena=Lutz|izenburua=MAP OF THE DAY: Pretty Much Everyone Lives In The Northern Hemisphere</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">url=https://www.businessinsider.com/90-of-people-live-in-the-northern-hemisphere-2012-5</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria=Business Insider</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sorrera </del>===</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimikaren jaiotza suaren sorrerarekin batera izan zela esan daiteke</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">berau izan baitzen zalantzarik gabe</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gizakiak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">konturatu gabe izanik ere</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erabili zuen lehenengo erreakzio kimikoa </del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">errekuntza erreakzioa</del>). <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Aurkitutako garai hartako tresneriek argi </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">garbi uzten digute ordurako erabiltzen zela sua</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Aurkitutako gauza gehienak metalezkoak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zeramikazkoak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">beirazkoak dira; </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pigmentu</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ak </del>ere <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aurkitu </del>izan dira, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ehun tindatuak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta abar</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren azaleraren zortziren bat gizakiak bizitzeko egokia dela kalkulatzen da. Lurraren azaleraren hiru laurdenak </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ozeano</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ez estalita daude</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">beraz soilik laurden bat da lurra. Lur eremu horren erdia [[basamortu</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a (% 14)<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=T. A.|abizena=McMahon|izenburua=Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification|orrialdeak=1633\u20131644|hizkuntza=English|abizena2=Finlayson|abizena3=Peel|izena2=B. L.|izena3=M. C.|data</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2007-10-11|url</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007-discussion.html|aldizkaria</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|alea</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">5|zenbakia</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">11|issn=1027-5606|doi</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref>, mendi oso garaiak (% 27)<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Mountain Biodiversity|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406193957/http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/mountain/default.asp|aldizkaria=web.archive.org|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref>, edo bestelako lur ez-egokiak dira. Iparralderen dagoen munduko kokapen iraunkorra [[Alert]] da</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Nunavut]]eko [[Ellesmere (uhartea)|Ellesmere uhartean]] ([[Kanada]]</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">82 \u00b0 28\u2032N)<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Canadian Forces Station Alert|url=http://www.tscm.com/alert.html|aldizkaria=www.tscm.com|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref>. Hegoalderen dagoena berriz [[Amundsen-Scott basea]] da</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Antartika]]n</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ia zehazki hego poloan </ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">90\u00ba S</ins>).</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:67\u00ba Per\u00edodo de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|alt=Nazio Batuen egoitza, New Yorken|thumb|[[Nazio Batuen Egoitza|Nazio Batuen egoitza]], [[New York]]en|ezkerrera]]Herrialde subirano independenteek planetako lur azalera guztia erreklamatua dute, Antartidako zenbait toki, [[Danubio]] ibaiaren [[Kroazioa-Serbia muga afera|mendebaldeko ertzean dauden lursail]] batzuk </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Egipto eta Sudan arteko [[Terra nullius|aldarrikatu gabeko]] [[Bir Tawil]]eko zonaldea izan ezik</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2015. urtean</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">193 [[Zerrenda:Estatu burujabe eta hiriburuak|estatu soberano]] daude [[Nazio Batuetako estatu kideak|Nazio Batuetako estatu kide]] direnak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gehi bi estatu behatzaile eta 72 mendeko lurralde eta [[Onartu gabeko estatuak|aitorpen mugatua]] duten estatu<ref name=\":8\" />. Lurrak ez da inoiz gobernu </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Burujabetza|subirano</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bat izan mundu osoan autoritatea izan duena. Hala </ins>ere<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, zenbait nazio-estatu batzuek mundu osoa menderatzen saiatu </ins>izan dira <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baina ez dute lortu<ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Kennedy</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Paul M.</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1945-|izenburua=The rise and fall of the great powers : economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000|argitaletxea=Vintage Books|data=1989, \u00a91987|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18071496|edizioa=1st Vintage books ed|isbn=0679720197|pmc=18071496|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Metalak lortzea</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zeramikazko edo beirazko materialak egitea</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pigmentuak landareetatik edo mineraletatik ateratzea, lurrinak eta kosmetikoak gertatzea, gorpuak momifikatzea, eta abar; horiexek dira hasierako gizakiak Kimikaz zituen lehenengo ezaguerak</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Material horien artean gizakiak aurrena erabiltzen ikasi zituenak metalak izan ziren, zalantzarik gabe; material gogorrak ziren, iraunkorrak, forma ematen errazak eta gauzak egiteko aukera handiak ematen zituztenak</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hauen artean eta kronologiaren arabera, urrea, zilarra, brontzea eta burdina aipa daitezke</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dauden objekturik aspaldikoenak urrezkoak dira, [[K</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">5</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">milurtekoa</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">K</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a. 5000</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">urtearen ingurukoak</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oso arrazoi sendoa dago urrearen erabilpen hain goiztiarra izateko</del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">izadian aske aurkitzen da</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bere koloreagatik, duen iraunkortasunagatik eta urria delako, betidanik izan da estimu handiko metala</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Urrezko platerean jatea, txinatarrek uste zutenez, nahikoa zen gizakiaren bizitza luzatzeko; urrea xurgatzen bazen betiko bizitza lortuko zen eta gainera ahalmen berezia lortzen zen urreari esker</del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gizakia bat-batean mugi zitekeen leku batetik bestera</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sineskeriak baino ez, hainbat kasutan</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Edozelan ere, urrea eta zilarra askotan elkarrekin nahastuta egoten dira izadian</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Nazio Batuak]] hainbat gobernuz osatutako [[Nazioarteko erakunde|mundu mailako erakunde bat]] da</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">nazioen arteko gatazketan esku hartzeko asmoz sortu zena</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gatazka armatuak saihesteko<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Charter of The United Nations|data=2009-02-20|url=https://web</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">archive</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/web/20090220011242/http://www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">un</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/aboutun/charter/|aldizkaria=web</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">archive</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gehienbat, Nazio Batuak nazioarteko [[diplomazia]]rako eta [[nazioarteko zuzenbide</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">rako foro gisa balio du</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bazkideen adostasuna lortzen denean, esku-hartze armaturako mekanismo bat eskaintzen du<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=International Law|data=2008-12-31|url=https</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//web</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">archive</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/web/20081231055149/http</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//www.un.org/law/|aldizkaria=web</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">archive</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Biak bereiztea oso prozesu zaila zenez</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aleazioa zen erabiltzen zena</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Horrela bada</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aleazio honen erabilera zabalduz joan zen </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">e</del>''<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lektroi'' izena ema zitzaion</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta urteetan beste metal bat zela uste izan zen</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Urrearekin eta zilarrarekin batera kobrea ere hasi zen erabiltzen</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eta izan ere oso erabilia izan </del>da<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, baina beste zeregin batzuetarako</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurra orbitatu zuen lehenengo gizakia [[Juri Gagarin]] izan zen, 1961eko apirilaren 12an<ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Kuhn</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Betsy.|izenburua=The race for space : the United States and the Soviet Union compete for the new frontier|orrialdea=34|argitaletxea=Twenty-First Century Books|data=2007|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61130743|isbn=9780822559849|pmc=61130743|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Guztira, 487 pertsonak inguruk espazioa bisitatu zutena 2010eko uztailaren 30ra arte</ins>, eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">horietatik, [[Apollo programa|hamabi]] izan dira Ilargian ibili direnak<ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Ellis, Lee, 1949-|izenburua=Who</ins>'<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">s who of NASA astronauts|argitaletxea=Americana Group Pub|data=2001|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46687479|edizioa=1st ed|isbn=0966796144|pmc=46687479|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Hall, Rex, 1946-|izenburua=Russia</ins>'<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">s cosmonauts : inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center|argitaletxea=Springer</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">published in association with Praxis Pub|data=2005|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/262679841|isbn=9780387739755|pmc=262679841|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Encyclopedia Astronautica Index: 1|url=http://www.astronautix.com/4/404page.html|aldizkaria=www.astronautix.com|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Normalean, espazioan dauden gizakiak [[Nazioarteko Espazio Estazioa]]n daudenak dira bakarrik</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Geltokiko [[Zerrenda:Nazioarteko Espazio Estazioko espedizioak|tripulazioa]], sei pertsonez osatua, normalean sei hilabetetan behin ordezkatzen </ins>da<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Terry|abizena=McDonald|izenburua=NASA - Reference Guide to the International Space Station|hizkuntza=en|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/ISS_Reference_Guide.html|aldizkaria=www.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref>. Gizakiak Lurretik 400.171 km distantziara bidaiatzea lortu du. Marka hau [[Apollo 13]] misioak lortu zuen 1970ean<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=APOLLO 13|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_13a_Summary.htm|aldizkaria=history.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2019-06-07}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ez dakigu nola eta noiz isolatu edo bakartu zen lehenengo aldiz metal hau, baina historiako aurkikuntzarik handienetakoa izan zela esaten badugu, ez dugu uste gehiegi esaten ari garenik. [[Brontze Aro]]a [[K.a. 4</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">milurtekoa</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">K.a. 4000. urtearen]] inguruan koka daiteke. [[Egipto]]ko lehen dinastien garaian </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Homero]]ren garaiko [[Grezia]]n brontzea erabiltzen zen, gaur egun burdina erabiliko litzatekeen lekuetan.</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Ilargia ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{sakontzeko|Ilargia}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><gallery mode=\"packed\" heights=\"100px\"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fitxategi:Earth-Moon</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jpg</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ilargiaren arteko benetako distantzia eskalan marraztuta</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></gallery></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ospe handia izan zuten feniziarrek brontze lanetan; oso bakezaleak izanik ere, beraiek egiten zituzten brontzezko armarik onenak</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Brontzearen garaiaren ondoren Burdin Aroa etorri zen, </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">K</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a. XII. mendea</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">n. </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Burdina</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lortzea </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lantzea zaila </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">neketsua zenez</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hasieran gutxi erabili bazen ere</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">garrantzi handiko metala izango zen gero</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Burdin Aroan ikasi zen altzairua egiten</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">garai honetan jakin zen bere gogortasuna tenplearekin hobetzen zela eta saio bat baino gehiago egin zen \u2013arrakastaz askotan\u2013 herdoiltzetik babesteko</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Ikusgela-Ilargia</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">webm|thumb|thumbtime=0|start=0|{{ikusgela}}</ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ilargia|Ilargiaren]] gaineko zortzi datu</ins>.]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ilargia [[satelite natural]] nahiko handi, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Planeta teluriko|telurikoa</ins>]] eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">planeta baten antzerakoa da, Lurraren laurdena inguruko diametroa duena. Eguzki Sistemako ilargirik handiena da, bere planetaren tamainari dagokionez; nahiz </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Karonte (satelitea)|Karonte]]</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Pluton (planeta nanoa)|Pluton]] [[planeta nano]]aren ilargia</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erlatiboki handiagoa den</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Beste planeten satelite naturalei \u00abilargi\u00bb deitzen zaie baita ere</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurrarenaren gisan</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antzinaroa</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antzinaroko</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zibilizazioen artean egiptoarrak izan ziren kimikan aurreratuenak eta gaur egungo kimikatik hurbileneko kimika egin zutenak</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Benetako maisu izan ziren beiraren eta esmalteen ekoizpenean eta bai metal nobleen </del>edo <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">errubiarenean era</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Zafiro </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">esmeraldaren imitazio ezin hobeak egiten zituzten</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Artilearekin batera larrua</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kotoia</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lihoa</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">e</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ere askotan erabiltzen zituzten</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Iaiotasun handia azaldu zuten ehunak zuritzen </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">tindatzen</del>, eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">indigoa </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">purpura erabili zituzten tindatzailetzat</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurrinak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baltsamoak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kosmetikoak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pozoiak</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">xaboiak eta sodio</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">potasio</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kobre edo aluminio gatzak egiten bazekiten. Betuna ere erabiltzen zuten baltsamatzeko eta dekorazioan. Nolanahi ere</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">guztiz enpirikoak izan ziren aurkikuntza hauek eta ezin esan daiteke zientzia zenik, ezta hurrik eman ere</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Greziarrak izan ziren zientzia honetan egiptoarren ondorengoak eta ''chemia'' izena eman zioten materia eraldatzeko arteari</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Izen hau ''chem''</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">etik omen dator, horrelaxe esaten ziotelako egiptoarrek bere herriari</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren eta Ilargiaren arteko grabitazio erakarpenak [[itsasaldi]]ak eragiten ditu Lurrean. Efektu berdinak Ilargian, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">errotazio sinkrono]]a izatera eraman du: Ilargiaren biraketa aldia Lurraren orbita osatzeko behar duen berdina da. Ondorioz, [[Ilargiaren alde ikusgaia</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">beti aurpegi bera</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erakusten dio planetari</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ilargiak Lurraren inguruan orbita egiten duen heinean, eguzkiaren aurpegi desberdinak argiztatzen dira, [[Ilargiaren aldi|ilargi fase </ins>edo <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldiak]] sortuz</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ilargialdiek ilgora, ilbehera, ilargi berria </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ilargi betea dute izena</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lehen alditik laugarrenera 27 egun, 7 ordu</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">43 minutu</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta 11</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">47 segundo pasa behar dira</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Denbora horrek hilabete sinodiko izena dauka</ins>. \u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Earth-Moon</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">svg|alt=Ilargi-Lurra sistemaren zehaztasunak, bien arteko barizentroa </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bakoitzaren erradioa azaltzen direlarik.|thumb|Ilargi-Lurra sistemaren zehaztasunak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bien arteko barizentroa </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bakoitzaren erradioa azaltzen direlarik.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Itsasaldiaren azelerazio]]a dela </ins>eta<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, Ilargia Lurretik aldentzen ari da, gutxi gorabehera 38 mm urtero</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Milioika urtetan zehar</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldaketa txiki horiek \u2014 eta Lurraren eguna 23 [[Mikrosegundo|\u00b5s]] urteko luzatzeak \u2014 aldaketa esanguratsuak sortu arte gehitzen joan dira<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=NASA - Secular Acceleration of the Moon|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/secular.html|aldizkaria=eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref>. [[Devoniar]] garaian</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">adibidez</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">(gutxi gorabehera 416 [[Ma]]) 400 egun zeuden urte bakoitzean</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egun bakoitzak 21</ins>,<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">8 ordu irauten zituelarik<ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Lambeck</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kurt</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1941-|izenburua=The earth's variable rotation : geophysical causes and consequences|orrialdea=367|argitaletxea=Cambridge University Press|data=1980|url=https://www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/oclc/726826275|isbn=9780511569579|pmc=726826275|sartze-data=2019-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">10}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antzinako doktrina kimikoak </del>===</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Litekeena da Ilargiak bizitzaren garapenean izugarrizko eragina izatea, planetaren klima moderatzen lagunduz. Froga [[Paleontologia|paleontologikoek]] eta ordenagailuen simulazioek erakusten dute Lurraren makurdura axiala Ilargiarekin dituen elkarrekintza indarrek egonkortzen dutela<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=J.|abizena=Laskar|izenburua=A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth|orrialdeak=261\u2013285|abizena2=Robutel|abizena3</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Joutel|abizena4</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gastineau|abizena5</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Correia|abizena6</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Levrard|izena2</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">P.|izena3</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">F</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|izena4=M.|izena5=A. C. M.|izena6=B</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|data=2004-12</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">01|url=http://adsabs</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">harvard</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edu/abs/2004A%26A...428..261L|aldizkaria=Astronomy and Astrophysics|zenbakia=428|issn=0004-6361|doi=10.1051/0004-6361</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">20041335|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Teoriko batzuek uste dute egonkortze hau egongo ez balitz</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguzkiak </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gainontzeko planetek Lurraren konkor ekuatorialean eragiten dituzten </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">indar momentu</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ek biraketa-ardatza kaotikoki ezegonkorra bihurtuko luketela, milioika urteetan aldaketa kaotikoak eraginez, Marten gertatzen direnen antzera<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=M.|abizena=Holman|izenburua=The role of chaotic resonances in the solar system|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Murray|izena2=N.|data=2001-11</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">30|url=https://arxiv</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/abs/astro-ph/0111602v2|sartze-data=2019-06</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">10}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kristo aurreko 600</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">urtean Greziako filosofoek ondo bereizita zituzten teknika eta erlijioa, eta ordurako galdezka hasiak ziren unibertsoa zerez osatua ote zegoen</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Aristoteles]] Estagirakoa izan zen filosoforik ezagunena garai horretan (384</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">322 K</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">); filosofo haren ustez lau substantzia ziren materia osatzen zutenak</del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lurra, airea, sua eta ura</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Horiek elkartuz</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">substantzia guztiak sor zitezkeen baina horretarako beste lau hastapenen laguntza behar zen: beroa, hotza, hezetasuna </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lehortasuna. </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Aristoteles</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baino lehenagoko [[Demokrito Abderakoa]]k (470</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">380 K</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a) materiaren ez</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jarraitasuna defendatu zuen lehenengo aldiz, eta materia atomoz osatuta zegoela esan zuen, materia zatiezinez, alegia</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Atomoak betikoak dira</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zatiezinak </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">denak izaera berekoak, </del>nahiz eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">atomoaren forma</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kokapena </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ordena desberdinak diren materialaren arabera. Haren jarraitzaileek ez zuten ideia hori onartu, gaur egungo pentsamoldearekin bat badator ere</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurretik ikusita</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ilargia </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguzkiaren itxurazko tamaina ia berdina da. Bi gorputz horien [[diametro angeluar]]ra (edo [[angelu solido]]a) bat dator </ins>nahiz eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> Eguzkiaren diametroa Ilargiarena baino 400 aldiz handiagoa den</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baina, era berean, 400 aldiz urrunago dago Lurretik<ref name=\":9\" />. Honek Lurrean eguzki eklipse totalak </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">anularrak egotea ahalbidetzen du</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kristo aurreko 300</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">urtean Greziako zientzia Alexandriara joan zen eta 400. urtearen inguruan berriz</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erromara</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erromatarrak, gerlari porrokatuak </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eraikitzaile handiak, praktikoak </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">estoikoak, ez ziren gai izan grekoek utzitakoari segitzeko</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ilargiaren jatorria azaltzen duen teoria onartuena [[talka handiaren hipotesia]] da</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Honen arabera, [[Theia]] izeneko proto-planeta batek, Marteren tamainakoak</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hasierako Lurraren aurka talka egin zuen</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hipotesi honek (besteak beste) Ilargiko burdin </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">elementu lurrunkorren falta erlatiboa azaltzen du </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baita bere konposizioa Lurraren lurrazalekoaren ia berdina izatea ere<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Robin M.|abizena=Canup|izenburua=Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation|orrialdeak=708\u2013712|abizena2=Asphaug|izena2=Erik|data=2001-08-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.412..708C|aldizkaria=Nature|zenbakia=412|issn=0028-0836|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Alkimia </del>===</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Asteroideak eta satelite artifizialak </ins>==</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">nagusia</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Alkimia</del>}}</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Lurraren ilargiak.webm|thumb|Zenbat Ilargi du Lurrak?]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ekialdean ''chemia'' izenez ezagutzen zen zientzia hori </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">arabiar</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">rek ekarri zuten </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Europa</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ra</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''kimiya'' izenez. Gero, ''al'' artikulua jarrita, ''al kimiya'' bihurtu zen \u2013''alkimia'', alegia\u2013</del>, eta '<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'kimika'' azkenean</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurra gutxienez [[asteroide ko-orbital]] ditu, besteak beste, [[3753 Cruithne]] eta [[2002 AA29]]<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Earth's little brother found|hizkuntza</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">en-GB|data=2002-10-21|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2347663.stm|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref><ref></ins>{{<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreferentzia|izena=David J.|abizena=Asher|izenburua=A long-lived horseshoe companion to the Earth|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Christou|izena2=Apostolos A.|data=2011-03-31</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.0036v1|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18595.x|sartze-data=2019-06-10</ins>}}<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></ref>. </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Troiar (astronomia)|Asteroide troiar</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bat, </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2010 TK7|2010 TK<sub>7</sub></ins>]], <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurreko L4 [[lagrangeren puntu]]aren inguruan biraka dabil baita ere</ins>, eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eguzkiari bira emateko bidean Lurrarekin batera doa<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Martin|abizena=Connors|izenburua=Earth</ins>'<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">s Trojan asteroid|orrialdeak=481\u2013483|abizena2=Wiegert|abizena3=Veillet|izena2=Paul|izena3=Christian|data=2011-07-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.475..481C|aldizkaria=Nature|zenbakia=475|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature10233|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Charles Q. Choi 2011-07-27T17:06:00Z|abizena=Science|izenburua=First Asteroid Companion of Earth Discovered at Last|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=Astronomy|url=https://www.space.com/12443-earth-asteroid-companion-discovered-2010-tk7.html|aldizkaria=Space.com|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">VII</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mendean izan zuen alkimiak bere garairik oparoena. Metalak alkimistentzat hiru gairen hastapenen nahastea ziren</del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">merkurioaren metalikotasuna eta hegazkortasuna, sufrearen errekortasuna, eta gatzaren disolbagarritasuna eta sendotasuna</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Begi bistakoa zen, beraz, metalek hastapen berdinak zituztenez, urrea lor zitekeela metaletatik abiatuz</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Alkimisten arabera, metalak urre bihurtzeko filosofia-harria behar zen</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Filosofia-harria, beraz, alkimista guztien helburu bihurtu zen, harri hartaz edozein substantzia urre bihurtzeaz gainera, gizakiak betiko gaztetasuna eta edertasuna, eta hilezkortasuna ere lor baitzitzakeen, haren infusioa edanez gero</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ez da harritzekoa beraz, zaharrak, gaixoak eta elbarriak elixir horren bila ibili izana</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Jainkoak aukeratuak omen ziren alkimistak, materiaren eraldatzearen sekretuak ezagutzeko, eta sinbolo eta ikur ezezagunen bidez idazten zituzten beren aurkikuntzak</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ez ziren, ordea, beren helburua lortzera iritsi, baina, hala ere, artean ezezagunak ziren produktu askoren berri eman zuten, beste produktu asko lortzeko bideak zabaldu zituzten, aparatu asko diseinatu zuten\u2026 Hori guztia oso lagungarria izan zen handik harako ikerkuntzan</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Alkimisten artean aipagarriak dira [[Jabir ibn Hayyan</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Abu Musa Jabir ibn</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hayyan]] (Geber izenez ezaguna), [[Alberto Handia]], [[Tomas Akinokoa]], [[Ramon Llull]] eta [[Arnaldo Vilanova]], besteak beste</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurretik hurbil dagoen [[2006 RH120|2006 RH<sub>120</sub>]] asteroide txikia Lurra-Ilargia sistemara hurbiltzen da hogei urtez behin gutxi gorabehera</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hurbilketa hauetan zehar, Lurra orbitatu dezake denbora tarte laburretan zehar<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=2006 RH120 ( = 6R10DB9) (A second moon for the Earth?)|data=2015-02-06|url=https</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//web</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">archive</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/web/20150206154817/http://www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">birtwhistle</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/Gallery6R10DB9</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">htm|aldizkaria=web</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">archive</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sartze</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">data=2019-06-10}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Iatrokimika ===</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2018ko apirilean, gizakiak egindako 1.886 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Satelite artifizial</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">satelite</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">daude funtzionatzen Lurraren orbitan. Badaude </ins>ere <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jada funtzionamenduan ez dauden sateliteak </ins>ere (<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">besteak beste</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Vanguard 1</ins>]], <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">orbita dagoen satelite zaharrena) </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">16</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">000 </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">espazioko zabor</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pieza baino gehiago<ref>{{erreferentzia|url=https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/ODQNv22i1.pdf|izenburua=Space Missions and Satellite Box Score|sartze-data=2019-06-10|egunkaria=|aldizkaria=Orbital Debris Quarterly News|abizena=|izena=|egile</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lotura=|hizkuntza=en|formatua=PDF}}</ref></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurreko satelite artifizial handiena </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Nazioarteko Espazio Estazioa</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">da</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Metalen transmutazioan sinesteak </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">XIX. mendea</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">XIX. mendera</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">arte iraun bazuen </del>ere<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">, Alkimia poliki-poliki bere izaera galtzen joan zen eta hitz-jario eta iruzur hutsa bihurtu zen; debekatu </del>ere <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egin zuten zenbait erregek eta aita santuk. [[XV. mendea]]n [[Parazeltso|Paracelsusek]] </del>(<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1493-1541) alkimiaren helburua gaitzak sendatzeko botikak sortzea izan behar zuela esan zuen. Garai honi \u2013Alkimiaren eta kimikaren trantsiziotzat har daitekeena</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bestalde\u2013 </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">iatrokimika</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ren edo kimika medikuaren garaia esaten zaio.Berpizkundean izadiari eta gorputzen eraldaketari buruzko ideia berriak sortu ziren</del>, eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pixkanaka alde batera utzi ziren alkimisten espekulazioak (filosofia harriarena barne)</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimikak ahaleginak egin zituen gertaerak eta teoria lotzen, kimikariak aurkikuntzak argitaratzen hasi ziren, eta lehenengo Zientzia Akademiak sortu ziren: Napolin (1556), Londresen (1606), Paris (1666), Bartzelona (1764)\u2026 Garai hartakoa zen </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Robert Boyle</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">irlandar fisikaria eta kimikaria (1627</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1691)</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''</del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Sceptical Chymist</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'' liburuan (1661), elementu kimikoaren kontzeptua azaldu zuen, gaur egun ezagutzen den bezala azaldu ere, eta Demokritoren teoria atomikoaz baliatu zen erreakzio kimikoak esplikatzeko</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>==<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= Lavoisier </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">iraultza kimikoa </del>===</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ikuspegi historikoa </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kulturala </ins>==</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Aurkikuntza asko ekarri zituzten</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zalantzarik gabe</del>, [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Carl Wilhelm Scheele|Scheeleren</del>]], [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Joseph Priestley</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Priestleyren</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Henry Cavendish</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Cavendishen</del>]] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">esperientziek</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baina </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">flogistoaren teoria</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ren bidez azalpena ematearekin ondorengo aurrerapena galarazi zuten</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|alt</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lur-irteera, 1968an William Anders astronautak ateratako argazkia</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Apollo 8 espaziontzitik.|thumb|[[Lur-irteera]]</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1968an </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">William Anders</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">astronautak ateratako argazkia</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Apollo 8]] espaziontzitik.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Fitxategi:Earth symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|left</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\ud83d\udf28</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurraren ikur astronomiko estandarra </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Zirkunferentzia zirkunskribatu</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zirkulu batez borobildutako</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gurutzea da</ins>, [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fitxategi:Earth symbol.svg|16px|\ud83d\udf28</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=|abizena=Liungman, Carl G., 1938-|urtea=|izenburua=Symbols : encyclopedia of western signs and ideograms|argitaletxea=HME Media|orrialdea=|orrialdeak=281-282|ISBN=|hizkuntza=|data=2004|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62522431|edizioa=3rd rev. and augm. English language ed|isbn=9197270504|pmc=62522431|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref>, munduko lau bazterrak irudikatzen dituena</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antoine Lavoisier</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Antoine Laurent Lavoisier</del>]] (<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1743</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1794) izan </del>zen <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">flogistoaren teoria deuseztatu zuena</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">eta errekuntzaren benetako izaera finkatu</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kultura</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Giza kulturek</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">planetaren ikuspegi asko garatu dituzte<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Ted|abizena=Widmer|izenburua=Opinion {{!}} What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like?|hizkuntza=en-US|data=2018-12-24|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html|aldizkaria=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref>. Lurra batzuetan [[Pertsonifikazio|pertsonifikatutako]] [[Jainko </ins>(<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">deitatea)|jainkotzat]] hartzen da. Kulturen askotan, [[ama jainkosa]] bat da, era berean [[Zerrenda:Emankortasunaren jainkosak|ugalkortasunaren jainko nagusia]] delarik<ref name=\":10\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=|abizena=Stookey, Lorena Laura.|urtea=|izenburua=Thematic guide to world mythology|argitaletxea=Greenwood Press|orrialdea=|orrialdeak=114-15|ISBN=|hizkuntza=|data=2004|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56338268|isbn=0313039372|pmc=56338268|sartze</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">data=2019-06-10}}</ref>. XX. mendearen erdialdean, [[Gaia hipotesia|Gaia printzipioak]] Lurraren inguruneak eta bizitza auto-erregulatzen </ins>zen <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">organismo bakar bat bezala irudikatu zuen</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bizigarritasun baldintzak egonkortzera jotzen duena<ref>{{Erreferentzia|abizena=Lovelock, James, 1919-|izenburua=The vanishing face of gaia : a final warning|argitaletxea=Basic Books|data=2009|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255895661|isbn=9780465015498|pmc=255895661|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=J. E.|abizena=Lovelock|izenburua=Gaia as seen through the atmosphere|orrialdeak=579\u2013580|data=1972|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972AtmEn...6..579L|aldizkaria=Atmospheric Environment|zenbakia=6|issn=1352-2310|doi=10.1016/0004-6981(72)90076-5|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=JAMES E.|abizena=LOVELOCK|izenburua=Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the gaia hypothesis|orrialdeak=2\u201310|hizkuntza=en|abizena2=MARGULIS|izena2=LYNN|data=1974-02|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01946.x|aldizkaria=Tellus|alea=1-2|zenbakia=26|issn=0040-2826|doi=10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01946.x|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref>. Erlijio askotako [[Sortze mitoa|sortze mitoek]] Lurra naturaz gaindiko jainko batek edo batzuek sortu zutela adierazten dute</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\":10\" /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1789an argitaratuko bere ''</del>{{<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lang</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">fr</del>|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Trait\u00e9 \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de chimie</del>}}<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'' liburuan gaur egungo kimikaren oinarriak jarri zituen</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">30 urte zituela</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ondo frogatuta utzi zuen \u2014bere bizitza guztian erabili zuen balantzaren bitartez\u2014 errekuntza zer den</del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erretzen den substantziak airearen osagaietako batekin erreakzionatzearen ondorioa</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ontzi itxi batean eztainua kiskaliz</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ontziaren pisua ez </del>zela <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bat ere aldatu frogatu zuen; metalak pisua hartu bazuen ere</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">airearena hartu zuelako </del>izan <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baitzen</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Flogistoaren teoria azkenetan dago</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gorputz purua zer den zehaztu zuen</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''Boyleren elementu'' kontzeptua bereganatu zuen, uraren konposizioa aurkitu zuen </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hidrogeno hitza erabili zuen lehen aldiz</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aurretik Cavendishek aire errekorra deitu zuen substantzia izendatzeko</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bere ikerkuntza guztietan materiaren iraunkortasunaren legea erabili zuen</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ez dago zehatz esaterik noiz hasi zen kimika zientzia gisa</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">baina bada ekintza bat</del>, <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kimikaren abiagunetzat hartzen dena</del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">materiaren iraunkortasunaren legea hain zuzen, Lavoisierrena</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Esperimentuz lortu izana da meriturik handiena; lehenengo aldia zen kimika lege bat neurriak erabiliz lortzen zena</del>. <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ikerkuntza zientifikoa kimika alorrean orduan hasi zela esan daiteke</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ikerketa zientifikoek jendeak Lurrari buruz zuen ikuspegia eraldatu dute, kulturalki eragina izan dutelarik. [[K. a. VI. mendea]]ren amaieran Italiako hegoaldeko Greziako kolonietan [[Lur laua (teoria)|Lurra laua]] zenaren hasierako sinesmena pixkanaka-pixkanaka [[Lur esferikoa|esferikotasunarekin]] ordezkatzen joan zen<ref></ins>{{<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreferentzia|izenburua=Studies in the History of Science</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">url=https://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/history/1997Russell.html</ins>|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aldizkaria=www.asa3.org|sartze-data=2019-06-10</ins>}}<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></ref><ref name=\":11\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=|abizena=Burkert, Walter, 1931-2015.|urtea=|izenburua=Lore and science in ancient Pythagoreanism|argitaletxea=Harvard University Press|orrialdea=|orrialdeak=306-308|ISBN=|hizkuntza=|data=1972|url=https://www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">worldcat.org/oclc/409548|isbn=0674539184|pmc=409548|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref><ref name=\":12\">{{Erreferentzia|izena=|abizena=Kahn, Charles H.|urtea=|izenburua=Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans : a brief history|argitaletxea=Hackett Pub|orrialdea=53|orrialdeak=|ISBN=|hizkuntza=|data=2001|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46394974|isbn=0872205754|pmc=46394974|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref>. Ideia hau [[Pitagoras]] eta [[Parmenides]] filosofoei, biei</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">egotzi zaie<ref name=\":11\" /><ref name=\"</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">12\" /></ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">K. a. V. mendearen amaieran</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lurra [[Esferikotasun|esfera]] bat </ins>zela <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unibertsalki onartua zegoen Greziako intelektualen artean<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=|abizena=Dicks</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">D. R.|urtea=|izenburua=Early Greek astronomy to Aristotle|argitaletxea=Cornell University Press|orrialdea=68|orrialdeak=|ISBN=|hizkuntza=|data=[1970]|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71637|isbn=0801405610|pmc=71637|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref>. Lurra [[Teoria geozentriko|unibertsoaren erdigunea]] zela uste </ins>izan <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">zen XVI</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mendera arte</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Garai hartan zientzialariek frogatu ahal izan zuten zehaztasunez [[Heliozentrismo|mugitzen zen objektu bat]] zela</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Eguzki-sistema|Eguzki-Sistemako]] gainerako planeten antzera<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Earth - Educational facts and history of the planet Earth.|url=http://nineplanets.org/earth.html|aldizkaria=nineplanets.org|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref>. [[James Ussher]] bezalako eragin handiko kristau aditu </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">apaizak ahalegin handiak egin zituzten [[Lurraren adina]] [[Biblia]]ko genealogien analisia eginez zehazteko. Lan hauen eraginez</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mendebaldeko biztanleek Lurrak hainbat milurteko soilik zituela uste zuten XIX. mendera arte</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">XIX</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mendean zehar konturatu ziren [[Geologia|geologoak]] Lurraren adina hainbat milioi urtekoa izan behar zela<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=|abizena=Monroe</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">James S. (James Stewart)</ins>, <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1938-|urtea=|izenburua=Physical geology </ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">exploring the Earth.|argitaletxea=Thomson Brooks/Cole|orrialdea=|orrialdeak=263-265|ISBN=|hizkuntza=|data=2007|url=https://www.worldcat</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/oclc/68710926|edizioa=6th ed</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|isbn=0495011487|pmc=68710926|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Kimikaren praktika ==</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lord Kelvin]]ek [[termodinamika</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">erabili zuen Lurraren adina 20 eta 400 milioi urte artekoa zela kalkulatzeko 1864an. Gaiari buruzko eztabaida bizi bat eragin zuen. XIX. mendearen bukaeran </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">XX</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mendearen hasieran erradioaktibitatea eta </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Datazio absolutu#Metodo erradiometrikoa|datazio erradioaktiboak</ins>]] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">aurkitu zirenean, Lurraren adina zehazteko mekanismo fidagarri bat ezarri zen, eta planetak milaka milioi urte zituela frogatu zen<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=|abizena=Henshaw, John M.,|urtea=|izenburua=An equation for every occasion : fifty-two formulas and why they matter|argitaletxea=|orrialdea=|orrialdeak=117-118|ISBN=|hizkuntza=|url=https</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//www.worldcat.org/oclc/867716130|isbn=9781421414911|pmc=867716130|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=|abizena=Burchfield, Joe D</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|urtea=|izenburua=Lord Kelvin and the age of the earth|argitaletxea=University of Chicago Press|orrialdea=|orrialdeak=13</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">18|ISBN=|hizkuntza=|data=1990|url=https</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//www.worldcat.org/oclc/695993895|edizioa=University of Chicago Press ed|isbn=9780226080260|pmc=695993895|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref>. Lurraren pertzepzioa berriz ere XX. mendean aldatu zen gizakiek lehen aldiz orbitatik ikusi zutenean, </ins>eta <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">batez ere </ins>[[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Apollo programa</ins>]]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">k ateratako Lurraren argazkiekin<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Dennis|abizena=Overbye|izenburua=Apollo 8\u2019s Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World|hizkuntza=en-US|data=2018-12-21|url=https</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html|aldizkaria=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Matthew Myer|abizena=Boulton|izenburua=Opinion {{!}} We Are All Riders on the Same Planet|hizkuntza=en-US|abizena2=Heithaus|izena2=Joseph|data=2018-12-24|url=https</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">html|aldizkaria=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Neil deGrasse Tyson: Why Space Matters </ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Watch</ins>]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|hizkuntza=en-US|data=2012-06-05|url=http</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//alcalde.texasexes.org/2012/06/neil-degrasse-tyson-on-why-space-matters-watch/|aldizkaria=The Alcalde|sartze-data=2019-06-10}}</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimika analitiko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a: Lagin batean dauden substantzien azterketa kuantitatiboa </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kualitatiboa egiten du</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Biokimika</del>]]: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bizidunetan gertatzen diren erreakzio kimikoak ikertzen ditu</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Kimika ez</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">organiko]]a</del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Karbonoa ez duten molekulez osatutako substantzien ikerketa </del>eta <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sintesia ikertzen du.</del></div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimika organiko</del>]]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a</del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Karbono katez osatutako molekulak ikertzen ditu</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Kimika fisiko]]a</del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreakzio kimikoen oinarri fisikoak ikertzen ditu, bereziki ezaugarri dinamiko eta energetikoak</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[Kimika teoriko</del>]<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">]a</del>: <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Erreakzio kimikoen eta atomoaren eredu teorikoak ikertzen ditu</del>.</div></td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-added\"></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>=== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Diziplina artekotasuna </del>==<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oharrak </ins>==</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Diziplina arteko esparruen artean honako hauek daude: [[agrokimika]], [[astrokimika]] (eta kosmokimika), [[kimika atmosferiko]]a, [[ingeniaritza kimiko]]a, [[biologia kimiko]]a, [[kimioinformatika]], [[ingurumen-kimika]], [[geokimika]], [[kimika berde]]a, [[immunokimika]], [[itsas kimika]], [[materialen zientzia]], [[mekanika-kimika]], [[kimika mediko]]a, [[biologia molekular]]ra, [[nanoteknologia]], [[enologia]], [[farmakologia]], [[fitokimika]], [[egoera solidoaren kimika]], [[gainazalen zientzia]], [[termokimika]] eta beste asko.</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{erreferentzia zerrenda|taldea</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\"oh\"}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><div>== Erreferentziak ==</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><div>== Erreferentziak ==</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{erreferentzia zerrenda|<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">30em</del>}}</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{ lur | data=2012/12/1}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>{{erreferentzia zerrenda|<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">3</ins>}}</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><div>== Ikus, gainera ==</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><div>== Ikus, gainera ==</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>* [[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Taula periodikoa</del>]]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* [[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mundu]]a</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Mapamundi]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*[[Lurraren adina]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*[[Lurraren historia]] eta [[Lurraren historia egun bakar batean|hori egun bakar batean]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*[[Ilargia]], [[Talka handiaren hipotesia|haren sorkuntza]] eta [[Ilargiaren geologia|geologia</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><div>== Kanpo estekak ==</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><div>== Kanpo estekak ==</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>* <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{en}} </del>[http://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">chemeurope</del>.com/ <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimikaren inguruko informazioa ChemEurope</del>.com <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">webgunean</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* [http<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/earth/?ar_a=1 [[National Geographic]] entziklopedian Lurra sarrera]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090122063915/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/earthandsun/earthshape.html Lurreko forma aldaketa gehienak klimaren aldaketak eragiten ditu] \u2013 [[NASA]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/images/index.html Lurraren argazkiak] \u2013 [[NASA]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/ Lurraren behatokia] \u2013 [[NASA]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Lurraren bideoak [[Nazioarteko Espazio Estazioa|Nazioarteko Espazio Estaziotik]] aterata:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">** [https</ins>://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">youtube</ins>.com/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">watch?v=74mhQyuyELQ Bideoa (01:02)] Lurra - (time-lapse)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">** [https://www.youtube</ins>.com<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/watch?v=l6ahFFFQBZY Bideoa (00:27)] Lurra eta [[aurora</ins>]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">]k (time-lapse)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{atari|Eguzki-sistema}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><div>{{autoritate kontrola}}</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><div>{{autoritate kontrola}}</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[Kategoria:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Zientzia</del>]]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Eguzki sistema aurkibidea}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>[[Kategoria:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kimika</del>]]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Lurraren kokalekua}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Kategoria:Lurra]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[[Kategoria:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Artikulu nabarmenduak</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[[Kategoria:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Teknopolisen bideoak dituzten artikuluak</ins>]]</div></td></tr>\n"
}
}